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Big Ideas & Main Idea

Big Ideas & Main Idea. CIVIL WAR & LEADERSHIP “The secession of Southern states caused the North and the South to take up arms.”. Essential Questions. 1) What makes a civil war different from a foreign war? 2) How has the nation’s identity been forged in part by the Civil War?

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Big Ideas & Main Idea

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  1. Big Ideas & Main Idea • CIVIL WAR & LEADERSHIP • “The secession of Southern states caused the North and the South to take up arms.”

  2. Essential Questions • 1) What makes a civil war different from a foreign war? • 2) How has the nation’s identity been forged in part by the Civil War? • 3) How might a civil war affect U.S. economy and society?

  3. Initial Issues for Both Leaders • Lincoln • Secession before Oath of Office • Worst of times and the chance for greatness • Jefferson Davis • Wanted to permanently establish Confederacy • Needed to bring Upper South into the War

  4. Fort Sumter • Confederate soldiers start taking Federal courthouses, post offices, and forts in South • WHY? Willie Sutton quote • Fort Sumter (island at mouth of Charleston Harbor) only 1 of 2 Union forts remaining in Deep South • Important? (See map & slide) • Confederacy demands that Union soldiers inside surrender • Union soldiers short on supplies and ammunition • Major Anderson’s plea to Lincoln for food and support

  5. Lincoln’s Dilemma • Dilemma? His possible choices? • Option #1: Shoot way into Charlestown Harbor • Risk of this action? • Option #2: Surrender of fort • Risk of this action?

  6. Lincoln’s Genius • Message to Davis that he wants to send in “food for hungry men” • Why genius? • Puts ball back in Davis’ court • Davis’ options?

  7. War Begins! • Davis chooses war • 4/12/1861 South bombards Fort Sumter • No casualties, EXCEPT during 50 gun salute • Lincoln calls for 75K volunteers-they pour into enlistment offices • 90-day term • SHOW VIDEO ON BATTLE

  8. Southern States Take Sides • Upper South secedes after Lincoln’s call (VA, AK, TN, NC) • Why? Would they fight Lower South? • Creation of West Virginia • 4 Remaining Slave States • Delaware (easy Union victory) • Maryland (Lincoln suspend writ of habeas corpus) • Missouri (guerilla bands) • Kentucky (would have debilitating loss for South)

  9. Justification for Both Sides • South • Felt that secession was justified by democracy • Only slave owners with stake, but poor whites fought, WHY? • “Yankee Aggression” • Like colonists in 1776? • North • Preserve Union at all costs • “I would save the Union….” (read full quote) • Free soiler mentality • Act of treason?

  10. Lincoln, his Cabinet, his Plan • Lincoln • Little military and political experience, but learns quick • Great writer-How is this important? • Cabinet • “Team of Rivals” (e.g., Seward and Chase) • Wise choice by Lincoln? • War Plan (the “Anaconda Plan” by Lincoln and Scott) • Naval blockade, why? • Take Mississippi River, why? • Take Richmond, why?

  11. North’s Advantages and Disadvantages • Advantages • Population (immigration)-How important? • Industry • Navy and Railroads • Lincoln • Disadvantages • Textile business would suffer-Explain! • Foreign intervention-Why would England get involved? • Loss of Southern markets

  12. Jefferson Davis and Strategy • Jefferson Davis • Military-West Point and war hero • Political-Secretary of War and Senator • Perfect choice?-not really • The South’s Strategy • Just don’t lose-What does this mean? • Fight defensive war and attack at right times • Hope for loss of public support in North • Like colonists in 1776? War of 1812? • Fight for George Washington

  13. South’s Advantages and Disadvantages • Advantages • Home field-How is this an advantage? • Defend homes, family and way of life • Military leaders-Why important? • Weapons industry • Honor-based society with military tradition (cavalry) • Disadvantages • Lack of railroads-Why important? • Weak form of government-Why did they go with it even with its history of failure?

  14. Stalemate in the Eastern Theater • Bull Run (N) or Manassas (S) • Seven Days Battle • 2nd Bull Run • Antietam (N) or Sharpsburg (S) • Fredericksburg

  15. Battle of Bull Run • Irwin McDowell to lead 35K new recruits • Lincoln orders attack of 20K Confederates at Manassas • July ,1861 • 35 miles SW of D.C. • People watch as they picnic • Both sides inexperienced troops • “Stonewall” Jackson wins day with counterattack • Union retreat through picnics (mass chaos) • 1st victory to the Confederacy • Casualties (wounded and dead) were relatively light • 2K for S and 1.6K for N

  16. Battle of Bull Run • Loss causes Lincoln to: • Call on 1 million volunteers • Gen. George McClellan to lead army

  17. Lessons of Bull Run • What did the North realize by losing the 1st battle of the war? • Why did some in the South think the war was over after battle? • What could Confederate soldiers have done after victory?

  18. McClellan: The Reluctant Warrior • Makes West Virginia possible • Considered Union’s 1st war hero • Overly cautious; over-preparing for invasion of Va • This tried Lincoln’s patience; QUOTE • His major flaw-felt it was more important to capture Richmond than to destroy the Confederate army • Lincoln knew this, but he was unable to convince McClellan to think “outside the box”

  19. Seven Days Battle (May, 1862) • McClellan finally decides to attack Richmond from SE • Waterways (York and James) cleared • 130K troops land and march up Yorktown Peninsula • Gen. Joseph Johnston then Gen. Robert E. Lee to lead Army of Northern Virginia • Lee is McClellan’s foil and has great supporting cast • Lee pushes McClellan back down (30K casualities) • Question on Lee and slavery • Lincoln replaces McClellan with John Pope

  20. Second Bull Run (August, 1862) • Lee faces off against Pope • Lee is outnumbered but through superior commanding and better soldiers, South pushes Pope back to Washington, D.C. • Lincoln fires Pope and brings McClellan back

  21. Antietam (September 17, 1862) • Lincoln knows only way for Union to lose war and Lee knows too and decides to counterattack • Lee spilts forces and crosses into Union (MD) • Lucky find by Union soldier • 9/17/1862, near small creek to funnel Lee’s troops • Bloodiest single day battle in U.S. history (26K causalities) • Lee pushed back but McClellan again too cautious and does not pursue back to VA • Lincoln fires McClellan afterward (Burnside); Why? • He runs as Dem. in 1864 Election • SHOW VIDEO ON BATTLE

  22. Fredericksburg (December, 1862) • Burnside vs. Lee • Lee dug in behind stone wall on heights of Rappahannock River with ½ mile open ground separating the two armies • Burnside too aggressive; full frontal assault • What happens? Remind you of another battle? • One of the worst losses of Union and one of Lee’s greatest victories • Lee seen as immortal and unbeatable by Union and his own men

  23. Battle of Chancellorsville • Hooker replaces Burnside • South defeats North at this Virginia town • North think Lee is undefeatable • North’s consolation-Stonewall Jackson shot by his men; later dies • “He has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right.” • Lee then invades North to get supplies and try to win on Northern soil (dishearten public support for the war)-sets up Battle of Gettysburg

  24. Union Victories in the Western Theater • Ulysses S. Grant • West Point and Mexican War veteran • “Take it to the South”- Why this strategy? • Armored gunboats to take 2 Confed. forts on 2 Tenn. rivers • Forts Henry (Tenn. River) and Donelson (Cumberland River)

  25. Battle of Shiloh • “Blankets and coffee” battle • Why did Confed. use surprise attack? • Grant pushes Confed. back on 2nd day • Draw but opened way to Mississippi River for Union • Huge causalities and people call for his job; Lincoln says no because “he fights.”

  26. New Orleans • David Farragut • Why important? • Most population and biggest port • Vicksburg still the key to the Anaconda Plan

  27. Revolutions in Warfare • How does technology affect warfare? Reverse? • Rifle: more accurate & greater rate of fire than musket • Minie Ball: soft lead bullet that is more deadly; WHY? • Early hand grenades & mines • Poor medical treatment

  28. Ironclads: Monitor vs. Merrimack • What are they? • Used to win at Forts Henry and Donelson • Strengths? • Draw but Union victory b/c South can not break Union blockade

  29. Ironclads: Monitor vs. Merrimack

  30. International Diplomacy • Cotton did not stay “king” • Surplus, other sources and wheat trade with Union • Lincoln knows of Europe’s hatred of slavery • South had “belligerent status” with Europe • The Trent Affair • San Jacinto and Trent • Robert Mason and James Slidell • Why do you think they were going to England? • Lincoln releases two men and avoids possible war, Why important?

  31. Paying for the War • Both sides used war bonds and taxes • Both sides printed money and suffered from inflation • Labor • North (increased industry and labor shortage) • South (slave labor)

  32. From Slaves to Contraband • Lincoln’s main goal-reunite the Union • Lincoln had to consider • Border states, the North, Democratic party • Pressure by abolitionists • Radical Republicans in Congress • 1861 Confiscation Act • 1862 “contraband of war” • Lincoln’s colonization plan and black reaction

  33. From Contraband to Free People • Lincoln did not want to alienate Border States • Changes his mind to get support from Europe • January 1, 1863, Emancipation Proclamation • Freed slaves only in areas of rebellion (not Border States) • So, did it free any slaves in South? • What did the South realize? • Reactions to Proclamation

  34. African-American Soldiers • Eman. Procl. -blacks to join Union army • 54th Massachusetts • 1% of North’s pop. and 10% Union army • What do these numbers tell you? • Discrimination-divisions, less pay, no officers • Death rates higher-NO POWs!

  35. Conscription and Impressment • Conscription (1862)- military draft • 18 to 35, then 17 to 50 • “Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight.” Meaning? • Impressment • Confiscate items and pay below market prices • Would do the same for slaves

  36. Poor Economy • Blockade • Shortages (shoes, 1863 Bread Riots) • Inflation • Desertion • Slaves escape to the North

  37. The Government and Economy • Labor problems b/c wages did not keep pace with inflation • Government Programs • Homestead Act of 1862 • Pacific Railway Act of 1862 • Legal Tender Act of 1862 • National Banking Act of 1863 • Internal Revenue Act • Protection tariffs to protect domestic industry

  38. Women during Wartime • Replaced men on farms and in industry • Clerks and secretaries • Nurses • Elizabeth Blackwell • Clara Barton

  39. Politics and Dissent • Democrats in Congress-status quo antebellum • Copperheads • Republicans (Moderates and Radicals) • Lincoln • Suspended writ of habeas corpus • Imposed martial law • Ignored unfavorable USSC decisions

  40. The Draft and Riots • The Draft • Less volunteers, so 1863 Conscription • “$300 Man” • The Draft Riots • NYC in 1863; burned for 4 days; 100+ killed • Irish-Catholics formed majority of rioters • Attacked blacks and rich • Upset at having to fight a war to free blacks • Gettysburg troops

  41. Vicksburg • July 4, 1863 Union win under Gen. Grant • Important b/c cut Confed. in ½ • Besieged the city and starved them out • It was last spot on Mississippi River in which Confederates could send troops and supplies from west to east where most fighting occurred • Lincoln makes Grant supreme commander of Union army

  42. Gettysburg (July 1-3 1863) • Lee know he must win major battle in North • Lee and Meade meet at this PA town • Day 1: Confederates take town and Union takes heights • Day 2: Colonel Joshua Chamberlain’s charge • Day 3: General Pickett’s Charge • Lee then retreats and Meade does not follow • 30% casualties on both sides (Union 23K, Confederacy 28K) • Why did the battle hurt the South more? • Lee never again able to invade North • Turning point of the war

  43. The Gettysburg Address • 2 minute speech • November 1863 • Dedication ceremony • Brought Union together to end immorality of slavery • Unified the North

  44. The Confederacy Wears Down • Two victories cost South badly • Supplies and public support very low • Weak gov’t-no central authority • Lincoln appoints Grant head of army • Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman his right hand man • Belief in TOTAL WAR

  45. Grant and Lee in Virginia • Grant chases Lee throughout area of Virginia, the “Wilderness” near Fredericksburg-tough fighting • Grant willing to sacrifice lots of men & knew that Lee could not • Grant losses 60K men to Lee’s 32K • Loss of public support in North; Lincoln’s 1864 campaign suffers

  46. Sherman’s March to the Sea • 1864, public support in North falling due to human losses and indecisive battles • Lincoln/Johnson vs. McClellan • Looks like Lincoln might lose, but tide is turned with news of Sherman’s march to Atlanta (waging total war) • Lincoln wins; 212 to 21; 55% of popular vote • Sherman reaches Atlanta (September 2, 1864) and marches North taking Savannah (December 1864) and then heads towards Grant

  47. The Surrender at Appomattox • Grant and Sherman closing in on Lee • Davis abandons Richmond and burns city so Union could not take it (900 buildings &100s homes) • April 9, 1865-Lee met Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in VA to surrender • Grant allowed Confed. soldiers just to go home without charging them; 4 years

  48. Results of the War • Soldier Dead: 360K Union & 260K Confederate • Soldiers Injured: 275K Union & 225K Confederate (amputees) • $3.3 billion combined spending (budget!) • Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865 at the Ford’s Theatre during Our American Cousin • Booth escapes to Virginia; large manhunt; nation grieves • He was shot dead 12 days later • Lincoln dies; Andrew Johnson president

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