Presentation Transcript

1. EEZ’s!
2. Generally a state's EEZ extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km) out from its coast. The exception to this rule occurs when EEZs would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual boundary. Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to the most proximate state.The Exclusive Economic Zone starts at the seaward edge of the territorial sea and extends out into the sea to a distance from the baseline. Thus, the EEZ overlap the contiguous zone. States also have rights to the seabed of the continental shelf up to from the coast, where this extends beyond the EEZ, but this does not form part of their EEZ.
3. This concept of allotting nations EEZs to give better control of maritime affairs outside territorial limits gained acceptance in the late 20th century.Traditionally, a country's territorial waters extended to 12 nautical miles beyond the shore. In the early 1970s, Ecuador claimed territorial waters extending to 200 nautical miles. They began seizing U.S. tuna-fishing boats and charging heavy fines (that the U.S. government paid). Eventually the U.S. agreed to submit the issue to the International Court of Justice at The Hague. This eventually led to binding international recognition of the 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zone by the Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982 (The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea treaty, is the international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea , which took place from 1973 through 1982...)
4. Specific legal regime of the Exclusive Economic Zone The Exclusive Economic Zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, subject to the specific legal regime established in this Part, under which the rights and jurisdiction of the coastal State and the rights and freedoms of other States are governed by the relevant provisions of this Convention.
5. There are quite a few! EEZ disputes Disputes over the exact extent of Exclusive Economic Zones are a common source of conflict between states over marine waters. One well-known example of such a dispute was the Cod Wars between the United Kingdom United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland, and many small islands...  and IcelandIceland The Republic of Iceland is a European island country located in the North Atlantic Ocean. It has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km². Its capital and largest city is Reykjavík, whose surrounding area is home to approximately two thirds of the national population... . The dispute over RockallRockallRockall is a small, uninhabited, rocky islet in the north Atlantic Ocean. It gives its name to one of the sea areas named in the shipping forecast, provided by the British Meteorological Office…  is mainly due to its effect on EEZ, not on its resources or strategic benefits. The South China Sea South China Sea The South China Sea is a marginal sea*south of mainland China and Taiwan,*west of the Philippines,*north west of Sabah , Sarawak and Brunei,*north of Indonesia,*north east of the Malay peninsula and Singapore, and...  (and the Spratly Islands Spratly Islands The Spratly Islands are a group of more than 650 reefs, islets, atolls, cays and islands in the South China Sea between the Philippines, China, Malaysia and Vietnam. They comprise less than five square kilometers of land area, spread over more than 400,000 square kilometers of sea... ) is the site of an ongoing dispute between several neighboring nations. There is an ongoing dispute over defining continental shelf and EEZ between TurkeyTurkey Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe...  and Greece.
6. CroatiaCroatia Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a country in southeast Europe, at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean Sea. Its capital is Zagreb... 's ZERP (Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone The Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone is a protected fishing area over Croatia's Exclusive Economic Zone.ZERP was initiated by the Croatian Peasant Party, then a member of Croatia's governing coalition... ) in the Adriatic Sea caused friction with ItalyItaly Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia...  and SloveniaSlovenia Slovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia , is a country in Central Europe bordering Italy to the west, the Adriatic Sea to the southwest, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north... , threatening Croatia's accession to the European Union Accession of Croatia to the European Union Croatia applied for European Union membership in 2003, and the European Commission recommended making it an official candidate in early 2004. Candidate country status was granted to Croatia by the European Council in mid-2004. The entry negotiations, while originally set for March 2005, began in... . A wedge-shaped section of the Beaufort Sea Beaufort Sea The Beaufort Sea is the portion of the Arctic Ocean located north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska and west of Canada's Arctic islands. Its northwestern boundary is defined by a line connecting Point Barrow, Alaska, and Lands End, Prince Patrick Island. It is about...  is disputed between CanadaCanada Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean...  and the United States United States The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...  due to potential oil reserves Oil reserves Oil reserves are the estimated quantities of crude oil that are claimed to be recoverable under existing economic and operating conditions.The total estimated amount of oil in an oil reservoir, including both producible and non-producible oil, is called oil in place...  in the area. FranceFrance France , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...  claims a portion of CanadaCanada Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean... 's EEZ for Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon based on a new definition of the continental shelf and EEZ between the two countries. Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon is entirely surrounded by CanadaCanada Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean... 's EEZ. Regions where a permanent ice shelf Ice shelf An ice shelf is a thick, floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface. Ice shelves are found in Antarctica, Greenland and Canada only. The boundary between the floating ice shelf and the grounded ice that feeds it is called...  extends beyond the coastline are also sources of potential dispute
7. EU The EEZ of the European Union European Union is shared, so vessels or a national from one country can fish in another country's EEZ. The combined zone amounts to 25 million km2, making it larger than the United States' zone, the largest of any single country. Why might this cause problems? What might this situation lead to?
8. Australia
9. Canada Canada is unusual in that its Exclusive Economic Zone, covering 2,755,564 km2, is slightly smaller than its territorial waters. The latter generally extend only from the shore, but also include inland marine waters such as Hudson Bay (about across), the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the internal waters of the Arctic archipelago.
10. Conflicts France claims a portion of Canada's EEZ for Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon based on a new definition of the continental shelf and EEZ between the two countries. Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon is entirely surrounded by Canada's EEZ. Canada has been using measures to turn away Spanish Fishing boats that are fishing in or close to its EEZ A wedge-shaped section of the Beaufort Sea is disputed between Canada due to potential Oil reserves in the area.