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APPLIED ASPECTS

APPLIED ASPECTS. Dr. Ahrsia V F Department of Physiology 29/9/18. TRANSPLANTATION. Autograft Isograft Allograft Xenograft Can transplant rejection be prevented??. Cytotoxic drugs : Azathioprine , cyclophosphamide , methotrexate Glucocorticoid therapy

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APPLIED ASPECTS

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  1. APPLIED ASPECTS Dr. Ahrsia V F Department of Physiology 29/9/18

  2. TRANSPLANTATION • Autograft • Isograft • Allograft • Xenograft • Can transplant rejection be prevented??

  3. Cytotoxic drugs : Azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate • Glucocorticoid therapy • Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, rapamycin • Monoclonal antibodies: Antilymphocytic globulin

  4. Immunotherapy • Malignant diseases • Cellular immunotherapy LAK cells: lymphokine activated killer cells • Cytokine therapy: interferon, IL-2 • Antibody therapy Monoclonal antibodies • Adjuvant therapy (Fruend’sadjuvent) Complete: killed tuberculin bacilli Incomplete: aluminium hydroxide

  5. Immunological disorders

  6. AUTOIMMUNITY Mechanisms • Hidden antigen/sequestered antigen • Mutation • Neoantigen • Cross reacting antigen • Unbalanced activity of helper T cell and suppressor T cell

  7. AUTOIMMUNITY Common conditions: • Autoimmune anemia • Grave’s disease • Insulin dependent Diabetes mellitus • Rheumatic fever

  8. Allergy • Hyper-reactive responses to an antigen which is usually tolerated by others. • Local allergy: • Systemic/Anaphylaxis:

  9. HYPERSENSITIVITY • Type I/ Anaphylaxis/ IgE mediated • Type II/ antibody mediated cytotoxicity • Type III/ immune complex mediated • Type IV/ Delayed hypersensitivity • Type V/ stimulatory

  10. HYPERSENSITIVITY • Type I/ Anaphylaxis/ IgE mediated • Type II/ antibody mediated cytotoxicity Incompatible blood transfusion • Type III/ immune complex mediated Glomerulonephritis • Type IV/ Delayed hypersensitivity Tuberculin test • Type V/ stimulatory LATS

  11. IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES Primary immunodeficiency • Humoral immune deficiency X-linked agammaglobulinemia • Cellular immunedeficiencies Thymichypoplasia/ Di George syndrome • Combined • Complement immune deficiency • Phagocytic disorders Secondary immunedeficiency • Acquired immunedeficiency disease(AIDS)

  12. POLYCYTHEMIA Primary polycythemia Polycythemiavera Secondary polycythemia/erythrocytosis Appropriate increase • High altitude • Congenital heart disease with right to left shunt Inappropriate increase • Renal tumors, renal cyst • Liver tumors Relative polycythemia • Dehydration

  13. LYMPH, LYMPHATIC CIRCULATION AND ITS FUNCTIONS

  14. LYMPH Transudate formed from blood in the tissue spaces. Formation:

  15. Composition: • Protien : (2-6g/100ml) • Fat : chyle • Carbohydrates: less than plasma • Cellular content: • Ions: • Water:

  16. Lymph capillaries/ initial lymphatics: https://anatomybody101.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/picture-of-lymphatic-system-lymphcaps2.jpg

  17. Collecting lymphatics/ large lymph vessels: • Thoracic duct • Right lymphatic duct

  18. Lymphatic flow: • Intrinsic lymphatic pump Valves & smooth muscles • Pumping by external compression Contraction of muscles/ organs Movements of different parts of body Arterial pulsations • Negative inthrathoracic pressure • Suction effect of higher velocity blood flow in veins in which lymphatics terminate. • Interstitial fluid pressure

  19. Functions: • Prevents edema formation • Absorption of nutrients • Maintain protein content of plasma • Role in defence mechanism

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