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APPLIED ASPECTS. Dr. Ahrsia V F Department of Physiology 29/9/18. TRANSPLANTATION. Autograft Isograft Allograft Xenograft Can transplant rejection be prevented??. Cytotoxic drugs : Azathioprine , cyclophosphamide , methotrexate Glucocorticoid therapy
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APPLIED ASPECTS Dr. Ahrsia V F Department of Physiology 29/9/18
TRANSPLANTATION • Autograft • Isograft • Allograft • Xenograft • Can transplant rejection be prevented??
Cytotoxic drugs : Azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate • Glucocorticoid therapy • Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, rapamycin • Monoclonal antibodies: Antilymphocytic globulin
Immunotherapy • Malignant diseases • Cellular immunotherapy LAK cells: lymphokine activated killer cells • Cytokine therapy: interferon, IL-2 • Antibody therapy Monoclonal antibodies • Adjuvant therapy (Fruend’sadjuvent) Complete: killed tuberculin bacilli Incomplete: aluminium hydroxide
AUTOIMMUNITY Mechanisms • Hidden antigen/sequestered antigen • Mutation • Neoantigen • Cross reacting antigen • Unbalanced activity of helper T cell and suppressor T cell
AUTOIMMUNITY Common conditions: • Autoimmune anemia • Grave’s disease • Insulin dependent Diabetes mellitus • Rheumatic fever
Allergy • Hyper-reactive responses to an antigen which is usually tolerated by others. • Local allergy: • Systemic/Anaphylaxis:
HYPERSENSITIVITY • Type I/ Anaphylaxis/ IgE mediated • Type II/ antibody mediated cytotoxicity • Type III/ immune complex mediated • Type IV/ Delayed hypersensitivity • Type V/ stimulatory
HYPERSENSITIVITY • Type I/ Anaphylaxis/ IgE mediated • Type II/ antibody mediated cytotoxicity Incompatible blood transfusion • Type III/ immune complex mediated Glomerulonephritis • Type IV/ Delayed hypersensitivity Tuberculin test • Type V/ stimulatory LATS
IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES Primary immunodeficiency • Humoral immune deficiency X-linked agammaglobulinemia • Cellular immunedeficiencies Thymichypoplasia/ Di George syndrome • Combined • Complement immune deficiency • Phagocytic disorders Secondary immunedeficiency • Acquired immunedeficiency disease(AIDS)
POLYCYTHEMIA Primary polycythemia Polycythemiavera Secondary polycythemia/erythrocytosis Appropriate increase • High altitude • Congenital heart disease with right to left shunt Inappropriate increase • Renal tumors, renal cyst • Liver tumors Relative polycythemia • Dehydration
LYMPH Transudate formed from blood in the tissue spaces. Formation:
Composition: • Protien : (2-6g/100ml) • Fat : chyle • Carbohydrates: less than plasma • Cellular content: • Ions: • Water:
Lymph capillaries/ initial lymphatics: https://anatomybody101.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/picture-of-lymphatic-system-lymphcaps2.jpg
Collecting lymphatics/ large lymph vessels: • Thoracic duct • Right lymphatic duct
Lymphatic flow: • Intrinsic lymphatic pump Valves & smooth muscles • Pumping by external compression Contraction of muscles/ organs Movements of different parts of body Arterial pulsations • Negative inthrathoracic pressure • Suction effect of higher velocity blood flow in veins in which lymphatics terminate. • Interstitial fluid pressure
Functions: • Prevents edema formation • Absorption of nutrients • Maintain protein content of plasma • Role in defence mechanism