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industrial, organics, biological toxins

What Should Have Been on Your Christmas List This Year: Emerging Nanotechnologies for the Water Arena Richard Sustich University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (217) 265-0833 sustich@uiuc.edu. agricultural runoff - nitrates, phosphates, pesticides, herbicides, hormones. aquifer depletion.

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industrial, organics, biological toxins

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  1. What Should Have Been on Your Christmas List This Year: Emerging Nanotechnologies for the Water ArenaRichard SustichUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign(217) 265-0833sustich@uiuc.edu

  2. agricultural runoff - nitrates, phosphates, pesticides, herbicides, hormones aquifer depletion scarcity, salting, salt water & pollutant intrusion into aquifers arsenic, salting, scarcity industrial, organics, biological toxins Challenges in Protecting/Developing Water Supplies

  3. Why Is It Important to Embrace Emerging Technologies Now? • “Replacement Era” presents unique opportunity to upgrade water/wastewater systems for increased efficiency and new technologies • Opportunity to build efficiency into upgrade/ replacement projects – need for guidance on “energy cost” of replacement options (i.e., power/pump technologies, treatment unit processes) • Opportunity for early diffusion of treatment and materials research results (pre-commercialization) • Opportunity to manage upgrade/replacement projects to incorporate new/emerging treatment technologies • Need to build in capacity to respond to short and long-term environmental changes (i.e., sourcewater degradation) and eventual direct reuse

  4. Advances in Trace Contaminant Removal

  5. Evolution of Adsorption Materials for Organic Contaminants • Background: • Existing Commercial Materials • Activated Carbon Granules • Activated Carbon Powders • Concerns: • Two Grades for Air or Water • Broad Pore Size Distributions • Contact Efficiency • Regeneration Granular Activated Carbon

  6. Activated Carbon Fibers • Synthesis: • Using a commercial crosslinked phenolic precursor fiber (Kynol) • Three grades: • 1500, 2000, 2500 m2/g • Key Features: • Greatly improved contact efficiency, much higher capacity and design flexibility. • But expensive; brittle Activated Carbon Fiber

  7. Control of Pore Surface Chemistry---Acidic/Basic and Polar/Non-polar • Key Features: • Can directly activate the phenolic fibers in presence of chemical reagent • Greatly improved selectivity with even higher capacity, but still expensive; brittle

  8. Control of Pore Surface Chemistry---Acidic/Basic and Polar/Non-polar ------ Effect of N in Carbon on Removal of HCL Adsorption uptake for HCl gas on ammonia-treated ACF) Key Features: Greatly improved selectivity with even higher capacity, but still expensive; brittle Carbon (2001), 39(3), 1809-20.

  9. Activated Carbon Fibers on Glass Fiber Substrate • Key Features: • Much lower cost, greatly simplified manufacture • Excellent wear resistance • Improved contact efficiency • Ease of regeneration Cost of Precursor Materials: Glass fiber: $0.4-0.5/lb Phenolic: $0.7/lb US patent 5,834,114

  10. Contaminant Removal to Below 1 ppb • Key Features: • Much lower cost, greatly simplified manufacture • Excellent wear resistance • Improved contact efficiency • Ease of regeneration • Similar results observed with TEX Breakthrough curves for benzene from both ACF and GAC filters Enviro. Sci. Tech., 2001, 35, 2844-2848 .

  11. Contaminant Removal to Below 1 ppb • Key Features: • Much lower cost, greatly simplified manufacture • Excellent wear resistance • Improved contact efficiency • Ease of regeneration • Similar results observed with TEX Benzene breakthrough curves on regenerated ACF filter Enviro. Sci. Tech., 2001, 35, 2844-2848 .

  12. Filters for Removing Trace Contaminants Enviro. Sci. Tech., 2001, 35, 2844-2848 J. Nanoparticle Research, 2005,7, 477-87 .

  13. Ion Exchange and Chelating Materials for Inorganic Contaminants • Background: • Existing Commercial Materials • Discovered in 1935 • Commercialized in 1940-50’ • Highly Successful Product • Today Research in Industry Greatly Reduced • Problems: • Fragile (Osmotic Shock) • Modest Contact Efficiency – Difficulties in Meeting EPA Standards for Hg2+, Pb2+, arsenate ion …… • Relatively Expensive Synthesis

  14. Cationic Fibers on Glass Substrate ------ Synthesis of Ion Exchange Fiber on Glass Substrate • Key Features Compared to Beads: • Simplified synthesis (1/2 the steps) • Resistance to osmotic shock • Outstanding breakthrough data for Hg2+, Pb2+, arsenate ion • 10  increase in rate of reaction / regeneration • Remove most ionic contaminants to well below EPA standards Fiber glass Oligomer Oligomer coating & curing ~ Room temperature functionalization Hydrochloric acid rinse Ion exchange fiber on glass substrate Polymers for Advanced Technologies (2001), 12(3-4), 197-205 US patent: Granted

  15. Cationic Fibers on Glass Substrate ------ Breakthrough Curves for Hg2+ • Key Features Compared to Beads: • Simplified synthesis (1/2 the steps) • Resistance to osmotic shock • Outstanding breakthrough data for Hg2+, Pb2+, arsenate ion • 10  increase in rate of reaction / regeneration • Remove most ionic contaminants to well below EPA standards Breakthrough Curves for Hg2+ (0.75 ppm Influent) Comparing Cationic Fiber and Beads Detected by Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy (AFS) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2002, 41(25), 6436-42

  16. Cationic Fibers on Glass Substrate ------ Breakthrough Curves for Pb2+ • Key Features Compared to Beads: • Simplified synthesis (1/2 the steps) • Resistance to osmotic shock • Outstanding breakthrough data for Hg2+, Pb2+, arsenate ion • 10  increase in rate of reaction / regeneration • Remove most ionic contaminants to well below EPA standards Breakthrough Curves for Pb2+ (150 ppm Influent) Comparing Cationic Fiber and Beads Detected by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2002, 41(25), 6436-42

  17. Anionic Fibers on Glass Substrate ------ Breakthrough Curves for Arsenate (2.2 ppm) • Key Features Compared to Beads: • Simplified synthesis (1/2 the steps) • Resistance to osmotic shock • Outstanding breakthrough data for Hg2+, Pb2+, arsenate ion • 10  increase in rate of reaction / regeneration • Remove most ionic contaminants to well below EPA standards Breakthrough Curves for Arsenate (2.2 ppm Influent) Comparing Anionic Fiber and Beads Detected by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS)

  18. Advances in Disinfection

  19. 200 nm Novel Bactericides for Water Systems and Point-of-Use Applications Colloidal Ag on glass fiber can effectively kill E.coli, as opposed to Ag on carbon fiber substrates Silver on glass fiber

  20. Light Sensitized Oxidation Catalyst --TiON • Problems of TiO2: • UV requirement • Low degradation efficiency: low surface areas • Long reaction time • Incomplete reaction: intermediates • Application and recovery of powder photo-catalyst • Advantages ofNew Photo-catalyst TiON • Active under visible light • High photochemical efficiency • Immobilized on fiber substrate

  21. Light Sensitized Oxidation Catalyst --TiON • TiON powders, coatings, nanoporous fibers, and thin films were synthesized by chemical reaction, sol-gel, nanotemplating, and vapor phase deposition methods. The N concentration ranged from x < 1% to x > 50%. • TiON was capable of breaking down humic acid, benzene and killing E-coli bacteria and spore in water under visible light. Degradation of Spore in water comparing TiO2 and TiON under visible light Degradation of E-coli in Water

  22. Sensor Technologies and Information Systems

  23. Catalytic DNA Biosensors • Stable backbone w/ variable sensor binding sites • Highly selective/ high sensitivity • Already used for lead in Washington, DC drinking water assessment • Additional pollutants under development • Next – Deployable array platform and amplifier under development

  24. Sensicore WaterPOINT™ 870—Smart Sensors The chemistry is already on the chip. The Smart Sensor is a “Lab-on-Chip” where the chemistries are already embedded on a semi-conductor based platform. This chip is monitored by a single handheld computer employing four different measurement techniques to calculate 14 results. The Smart Sensor needs only 2.5 mL sample for all 14 analyses.

  25. Lab-on-Chip Technology • 4 different types of measurements on one chip • Sensor technology you are familiar with…only smaller • Potentiometric • ISE channels • pH, Carbon Dioxide • Calcium, Ammonium • Amperometric • Free & Total Chlorine, ORP • Conductometric • Conductivity • Resistive • Temperature

  26. Lab-on-Chip Technology Introduction pH ISE ORP/REDOX Conductivity NH4 ISE Free Chlorine Temperature Total Chlorine CO2 ISE Ca++ ISE

  27. Applications – Municipal Drinking Water • WaterPOINT efficiently profiles raw water at the source • Check the initial loading of pH, hardness, alkalinity and other fundamental measurements needed to understand before the water enters your treatment plant • WaterPOINT helps the operators choose the best water source, make more informed blending decisions, and optimize your treatment process

  28. Applications – Municipal Drinking Water • WaterPOINT helps operators monitor and adjust each phase of the treatment process before there is a problem • It serves as a field validation tool that allows to quickly check the performance of the on-line water quality and instruments • It helps to screen and troubleshoot the in-plant process more effectively • WaterPOINT speeds and simplifies the jar testing process used in all municipalities

  29. Applications – Municipal Drinking Water • The distribution system is the most vulnerable part of the water delivery process. It is susceptible to both ground water incursions and to contamination. • With WaterPOINT, troubleshooting has never been easier. • WaterPOINT enables incremental testing, identifies the extent of the contamination quickly and efficiently, and allows users to perform real-time post-event monitoring without having to drive samples back to the lab.

  30. Instant Data Visualization • Automated Mapping Interface • Automated Contouring with ISO-Concentrations for decision support • Graphic Data Analysis

  31. Instant Data Graphing • Graph Multiple Locations, Single Parameter • Graph Single Location, Multiple Parameters, Dates, Times

  32. Alarms & Alerts • Identify Locations That Need Corrective Action • Map Out and Identify Problem Areas/Lines • Automatically Be Notified of Parameters Outside of Acceptable Ranges, Via E-Mail, Cell Phone, or Pager

  33. Critical Questions • How can you stay on top of emerging technologies and keep your clients informed? • How can we optimize technology diffusion/adoption to maximize pubic benefit? • What are the barriers to widespread adoption of these technologies: • Regulatory? • Institutional management? • Public confidence/acceptance?

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