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NYC College of Technology , November 8, 2012 Eugene M. Chudnovsky

NYC College of Technology , November 8, 2012 Eugene M. Chudnovsky 100 YEARS OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes ( Door meten tot weten – Knowledge through measurement) Born September 21, 1853, Groningen, Netherlands Died on February 21, 1926, Leiden, Netherlands.

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NYC College of Technology , November 8, 2012 Eugene M. Chudnovsky

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  1. NYC College of Technology, November 8, 2012 Eugene M. Chudnovsky 100 YEARS OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

  2. Heike KamerlinghOnnes (Door meten tot weten – Knowledge through measurement) BornSeptember 21, 1853, Groningen, Netherlands Died on February 21, 1926, Leiden, Netherlands 1871 – 1879: Education at Universities of Groningen and Heidelberg 1871 – 1873: Undergraduate research with Gustav Kirchhoff 1871: Gold Medal in student competition from University of Utrecht 1872: Silver medal in student competition from University of Groningen 1878 - 1982: Assistant Professor at the Polytechnicum at Delft 1881: Theory of liquids (inspired by work of Van der Waals and Lorentz) 1882: Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Leiden 1883: Member of Dutch Academy of Sciences 1887: Married to Maria Adriana Wilhelmina Elisabeth Bijleveld 1904: KamerlinghOnnes lab becomes world’s largest cryogenics laboratory 1908: Liquefaction of helium, cooling helium down to 0.9K 1911: Discovery of superconductivity of pure metals at low temperatures 1913: Nobel Prize in physics “For his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led to the production of liquid helium”.

  3. Discovery of superconductivity of mercury Leiden, April 8, 1911 Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 122b, 1911 Copy of original experimental figure Helium liquefier with mercury sample

  4. 1911 1913 1913 1915 1916 Rutherford, atomic nucleus Bohr, atomic orbits Bragg, X-ray diffraction Einstein, general relativity Sommerfeld, atoms 1923 1923 1924 1925 1925 De Broglie,waves of matter Bose & Enstein,statistics Pauli,exclusion law Goudsmit & Uhlenbeck,spin Fermi, statistics 1925 1925 1926 1926 1927 Heisenberg, transition amplitude Born & Jordan, matrix QM Schrodinger equation uncertainty complementarity 1927 1927 1927 1928 1930 Sommerfeld, metals (Students: Heisenberg,Pauli, Debye,Bethe,Brillouin,Rabi) Heitler & London chemical bonds Bloch, von Neumann, Landau density matrix Dirac equation Hartree & Fock QM of many particles

  5. Discovery of Meissner Effect in Superconductors, Berlin 1933 Naturwissenschaften21, p. 787 (1933) Walther Meissner (Max Planck, Bavarian Academy of Sci) Robert Ochsenfeld

  6. London equations 1935 Proc. Roy. Soc. (London)A149,71 (1935). Fritz London and Heinz London (Max von Laue, U. of Berlin, England,Paris,Duke) (dilution refrigerator)

  7. Superfluidity of liquid helium Experiment: Kapitsa 1937 [Nature 141, 74 (1937)] (John Allen, Don Misener) Theory: Landau 1941 [Phys. Rev. 60, 356 (1941)] Nobel Prize 1962 Lev Landau (Niels Bohr) (1908 – 1968, Kharkov - 1938) Density matrix – 1927 Landau levels – 1930 Fermi-liquid 1956 Pyotr Kapitsa (Ernest Rutherford) Nobel Prize 1978 Shubnikov-deHaas,Leiden,Kharkov,1937

  8. Ginzburg-Landau Theory of Superconductivity, 1950 Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz.20, 1064 (1950) 2003 Nobel Prize in physics VitalyGinzburg (Igor Tamm) Lev Landau Relativistic Higgs model 1964:

  9. Abrikosov vortices 1957 Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz.32, 1442 (1957) Nobel Prize in physics 2003 AlexeyAbrikosov (Lev Landau)

  10. Quantum Theory of Many Body Systems Dirac, Heisenberg -1926 Classical 1D spin chain: Quantum : Bethe anzatz, 1931: Exact solution for 1D AFM chain of spins ½ Zeitschrift fur Physik, v. 71, p. 205 (1931) No exact solution is known in 1D for spins greater than ½ No exact solution is known for any spin in D > 1 Hans Bethe, 1906-2005 (Arnold Sommerfeld, Crystal Field 1929, Review 1933: SC is a many-body quantum phenomenon, U. of Tubingen, Cornell, Manhattan Project) Nobel Prize 1967

  11. BCS Microscopic Theory of Superconductivity 1957 Phys. Rev. 106, p. 162 (1957) U. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 John Bardeen 1908-1991 (Wisconsin - Van Vleck, Geophysics, Princeton - Wigner, Bell labs, Brattain, Shockley, transistor) Leon Cooper (Bronx HS of Sci, Columbia U.) Robert Schrieffer (MIT-Slater,Bardeen,NYC subway) Herbert Fröhlich (Arnold Sommerfeld, U. of Freiburg,YakovFrenkel,England) Cooper pairs

  12. Josephson Effect Theory: Josephson 1962 [Phys. Lett. 1, 251 (1962)] Experiment: Ivar Giaever 1960 [Phys. Rev. Lett. 5, 464 (1960)] (September 2011, Giaever: "In the APS it is OK to discuss whether the mass of the proton changes over time and how a multi-universe behaves, but the evidence of global warming is incontrovertible?) Brian David Josephson (Brian Pippard, Philip Anderson) Trinity College, Cambridge – England Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 SQUID magnetometer: Sensitivity = 10-14 T

  13. High Temperature Superconductivity, 1986 Zeitschrift fur PhysikB 64, 189 (1986) IBM Research Lab, Zurich Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 Karl Alex Muller Johannes Bednorz La2-xBaxCuO4 35K YBa2Cu3O7 93K LaFeAsO 50K+

  14. High-Temperature Superconductivity 1986 – 2012

  15. Pinning Down Superconductivity to a Single Atomic Layer by THz Spectroscopy Ivan Bozovic, BNL Prediction (IB): High-temperature superconductivity has a simple mechanism that will be explained in the next decade in a 4-page Physical Review Letter

  16. Torsion rod Torsion cell Detection Drive Helium Supersolid 2004 Nature427, p. 225 (2004) Penn State University Eun-Seong Kim Moses Chan I : moment of inertia of the cell K: torsion constant of the rod Change of rotational inertia, I, can be detected by increase (or decrease) of the resonant oscillation period, o.

  17. "Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible." Lord Kelvin, President of Royal Society, 1895.

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