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LEZIONE 5 I paradisi fiscali

LEZIONE 5 I paradisi fiscali. Tassazione internazionale - PARTE I Clamep 8 crediti – 50 ore 27.9.2010-2.11.2010. I “tax havens”. Caratteristiche dei “tax havens” (TH) Chi ne usufruisce? Relazione con concorrenza fiscale: problema o opportunità? Relazione con crisi finanziaria

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LEZIONE 5 I paradisi fiscali

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  1. LEZIONE 5 I paradisi fiscali Tassazione internazionale - PARTE I Clamep8 crediti – 50 ore27.9.2010-2.11.2010

  2. I “tax havens” • Caratteristiche dei “tax havens” (TH) • Chi ne usufruisce? • Relazione con concorrenza fiscale: problema o opportunità? • Relazione con crisi finanziaria • Politiche dell’OECD e comunitarie

  3. Caratteristiche dei “tax havens” • Tassazione bassa o persino nulla • Segreto bancario e scarsa trasparenza (anonimato) • Difficile “contarli”: circa 40 paesi o territori compaiono nella maggior parte delle liste pubblicate • Caratteristiche fisiche: piccoli e spesso isole, vicini a capital exporter, in prevalenza di origine legale anglosassone, territori dipendenti più frequentemente che stati sovrani, con buone caratteristiche di governance (stabilità politica, rispetto delle regole, assenza di corruzione, istituzioni efficienti, etc…)

  4. Criteri OECD (1998) per identificare TH • The 1998 Report identified four main criteria for determining whether a preferential tax regime is harmful: (1) no or low taxation on the relevant income, (2) lack of transparency, (3) lack of effective exchange of information, and (4) the regime is ring-fenced from the domestic economy. The “no or low taxation” criterion is used merely as a gateway criterion to determine those situations in which an analysis of the other criteria is necessary. The adoption of a low or zero tax rate by itself is never sufficient to identify a preferential tax regime as harmful.

  5. “Clienti” dei “tax havens” • Individui: a scopo evasione e anonimato, rispetto ai propri patrimoni (recente caso Liechtenstein-Germania, poi esteso ad altri paesi… ) • Società (MN) • si stima che circa un quarto degli IDE (FDI) Usa e Uk siano in TH • Più che a scopo di evasione, in questo caso i TH sono utilizzati per elusione e tax planning: gli utili che sono allocati nei TH sono tassati meno; se la tassazione è worldwide, con tax credit, si ritarda il rimpatrio degli utili) • Attività non legali (criminalità organizzata, riciclaggio, …)

  6. Tecniche elusive delle MN • Transfer pricing: arm’s length prices, ma difficili da determinare soprattutto per determinati beni (es. proprietà intellettuale: convenienza a localizzarla in Irlanda, che riceve le royalties dalla Germania, dove sono deducibili)

  7. Tecniche elusive delle MN • Uso strategico del debito: incentivo a indebitarsi nelle localizzazioni ad elevata aliquota (interest stripping o earning stripping)

  8. Tecniche elusive delle MN: CTB regulation (US, 1997) • Check-the-box rule (US 1997): consente alle MN americane di evitare l’imposta che sarebbe altrimenti dovuta in base alle regole sulle CFC sul passive porfolio income (dividendi, interessi e royalties) • MN Usa finanzia con equity una società in un TH che a sua volta presta a una sussidiaria in un paese ad elevata aliquota. Secondo le regole CFC gli interessi che vanno dal paese ad elevata aliquota al TH sono tassati in USA • Con CTB regulation, la società nel Paese ad elevata aliquota risulta solo una branch non incorporata della società nel TH e negli Usa emerge solo una società; non si applicano CFC rules e MN Usa può accumulare i propri profitti nel TH senza pagare imposte • Obama vuole eliminare questa possibilità elusiva…

  9. Tecniche elusive delle MN: CTB regulation (US, 1997) • Current Law • Disappearing Subsidiaries Allow Corporations to Shift Income Tax-Free: Traditionally, if a U.S. company sets up a foreign subsidiary in a tax haven and one in another country, income shifted between the two subsidiaries (for example, through interest on loans) would be considered "passive income" for the U.S. company and subject to U.S. tax.  Over the last decade, so-called "check-the box" rules have allowed U.S. firms to make these subsidiaries disappear for U.S. tax purposes. With the separate subsidiaries disregarded, the firm can shift income among them without reporting any passive income or paying any U.S. tax. As a result, U.S. firms that invest overseas are able to shift their income to tax havens. It is clear that this loophole, while legal, has become a reason to shift billions of dollars in investments from the U.S. to other counties. 

  10. Tecniche elusive delle MN: CTB regulation (US, 1997) • Example under Current Law • Suppose that a U.S. company invests $10 million to build a new factory in Germany.  At the same time, it sets up three new corporations.  The first is a wholly owned Cayman Islands holding company.  The second is a corporation in Germany, which is owned by the holding company and owns the factory.  The third is a Cayman Islands subsidiary, also owned by the Cayman Islands holding company. • The Cayman subsidiary makes a loan to the German subsidiary.  The interest on the loan is income to the Cayman subsidiary and a deductible expense for the German subsidiary.  In this way, income is shifted from higher-tax Germany to the no-tax Cayman Islands. • Under traditional U.S. tax law, this income shift would count as passive income for the U.S. parent – which would have to pay taxes on it.  But "check the box" rules allow the firm to make the two subsidiaries disappear -- and the income shift with them. As a result, the firm is able to avoid both U.S. taxes and German taxes on its profits.

  11. Tecniche elusive delle MN: CTB regulation (US, 1997) • The Administration's Proposal • Require U.S. Businesses That Establish Certain Foreign Corporations To Treat Them As Corporations For U.S. Tax Purposes: The Administration's proposal seeks to abolish a range of tax-avoidance techniques by requiring U.S. businesses that establish certain corporations overseas to report them as corporations on their U.S. tax returns.  As a result, U.S. firms that invest overseas would no longer be able to make their subsidiaries -- or their income shifts to tax havens -- disappear for tax purposes.  This would level the playing field between firms that invest overseas and those that invest at home. • Raise $86.5 Billion from 2011 to 2019: This loophole would be closed beginning in 2011, raising $86.5 billion from 2011 to 2019 • NB vedisviluppirecenti e nuovanormativa 2011.

  12. Letteratura sui tax havens: controversa…. • Consentire elusione può essere conveniente: “When firms may shift income to tax havens and other low-tax jurisdictions through financial transactions, real investment choices of firms and the tax policy environment of governments are changed. Tax planning tends to make the location of real investment less responsive to tax rate differentials, even as taxable income becomes more elastic. While tax planning may reduce revenues of high tax jurisdictions, therefore, it may have offsetting effects on real investment that are attractive to governments. In principle, then, the presence of international tax planning opportunities may allow countries to maintain or even increase high business tax rates, while preventing an outflow of foreign direct investment. ..

  13. Letteratura sui tax havens: controversa…. • Consentire elusione può essere conveniente: .....While income shifting to tax havens may reduce revenues of high-tax jurisdictions and increase tax base elasticities, it tends to make the location of real investment less responsive to tax rate differentials. In principle, then, the presence of international tax planning opportunities may allow countries to maintain or even increase high business tax rates, while preventing an outflow of foreign direct investment. Indeed, we have shown that the investment-enhancing effects of international tax planning can dominate the revenue-erosion effects: an increase in international tax avoidance can lead to an increase in both statutory and effective tax rates on capital, if initial tax rates are not too high, and an increase in the welfare of citizens of high-tax countries. (Hong, Smart, 2007)

  14. Letteratura sui tax havens: controversa…. • Consentire elusione può essere conveniente: “Tax havens have attracted increasing attention from policy-makers in recent years. …recent evidence suggests that tax havens tend to have stronger governance institutions than comparable non-haven countries. Most importantly, tax havens provide opportunities for tax planning by multinational corporations. It is often argued that tax havens erode the tax base of high-tax countries by attracting such corporate activity. However, while tax havens host a disproportionate fraction of the world's foreign direct investment (FDI), their existence need not make high-tax countries worse off. It is possible that, under certain conditions, the existence of tax havens can enhance efficiency and even mitigate tax competition. Indeed, corporate tax revenues in major capital-exporting countries have exhibited robust growth, despite substantial FDI flows to tax havens.” (Dharmapala, 2008)

  15. Letteratura sui tax havens: controversa…. • Consentire elusione è dannoso: “Recognizing that taxes on wage income are also evaded, we solve for the equilibrium tax rates on mobile capital and immobile labor, and we demonstrate that the full or partial elimination of tax havens would improve welfare in non-haven countries, in part because countries would be induced to increase their tax rates, which they have set at inefficiently low levels in an attempt to attract mobile capital. We also demonstrate that the smaller countries choose to become tax havens, and we show that the abolishment of a sufficiently small number of the relatively large havens leaves all countries better off, including the remaining havens.” (Slemrod, Wilson, 2006)

  16. Politiche nei confronti TH • Problema non è solo evasione/elusione fiscale, ma mancanza informazioni e trasparenza • OECD da tempo impegnata per contrastare la cd “Harmfultaxcompetition”, migliorare la trasparenze dei paradisi fiscali e per diffondere lo scambio di informazioni a richiesta (rapporti OECD 1998, 2000, 2004). • Il tema è tornato di grande attualità a seguito crisi finanziaria per due motivi: • necessità recupero gettito • esigenza di capitali

  17. Progressi delle iniziative OECD • Tutti i paesi OECD (inclusi adesso anche Austria, Belgio, Lussemburgo e Svizzera) accettano ora l’articolo 26 dell’OECD MODEL TAX CONVENTION • Circa 30 tax information exchangeagreements (TIEAs) sono stati firmati da novembre ad oggi (21 aprile 2009) • Andorra, Liechtensteinae Monaco, identificati dall’OECD come TH non cooperativi hanno aderito agli standard di trasparenza OECD e annunciato di voler cambiare la propria legislazione e concludere TIEAs • Lista grigia se meno di 12 TIEAs…… • …ma molto resta ancora da fare!

  18. Article 26EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION 1. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall exchange such information as is foreseeably relevant for carrying out the provisions of this Convention or to the administration or enforcement of the domestic laws concerning taxes of every kind and description imposed on behalf of the Contracting States, or of their political subdivisions or local authorities, insofar as the taxation thereunder is not contrary to the Convention. The exchange of information is not restricted by Articles 1 and 2. 2. Any information received under paragraph 1 by a Contracting State shall be treated as secret in the same manner as information obtained under the domestic laws of that State and shall be disclosed only to persons or authorities (including courts and administrative bodies) concerned with the assessment or collection of, the enforcement or prosecution in respect of, the determination of appeals in relation to the taxes referred to in paragraph 1, or the oversight of the above. Such persons or authorities shall use the information only for such purposes. They may disclose the information in public court proceedings or in judicial decisions.

  19. Article 26EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION 3. In no case shall the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 be construed so as to impose on a Contracting State the obligation: a) to carry out administrative measures at variance with the laws and administrative practice of that or of the other Contracting State; b) to supply information which is not obtainable under the laws or in the normal course of the administration of that or of the other Contracting State; c) to supply information which would disclose any trade, business, industrial, commercial or professional secret or trade process, or information the disclosure of which would be contrary to public policy (ordre public). 4. If information is requested by a Contracting State in accordance with this Article, the other Contracting State shall use its information gathering measures to obtain the requested information, even though that other State may not need such information for its own tax purposes. The obligation contained in the preceding sentence is subject to the limitations of paragraph 3 but in no case shall such limitations be construed to permit a Contracting State to decline to supply information solely because it has no domestic interest in such information. 5. In no case shall the provisions of paragraph 3 be construed to permit a contracting State to decline to supply information solely because the information is held by a bank, other financial institution, nominee or person acting in an agency or a fiduciary capacity or because it relates to ownership interests in a person.

  20. Sintesi degli standard di trasparenza e EoI • Scambio di informazioni a richiesta • Assenza di restrizioni dovute a segreto bancario o esigenze fiscali interne • Disponibilità di informazioni affidabili e potere di ottenerle • Rispetto dei diritti del contribuente • Stretto riserbo sulle informazioni scambiate

  21. Comunicazione della Commissione UE al Consiglio (2009): Promoting good governance in tax matters This Communication aims to identify the particular EU contribution to good governance in the area of direct taxation. It considers: • how good governance could be improved within the EU, • the particular tools that the European Community and EU Member States may have at their disposal to promote good governance internationally, and • the scope for more co-ordinated action by EU Member States, so as to support, streamline and complement international action taken in other fora such as the OECD and the UN.

  22. Risoluzione del Parlamento europeo del 10 febbraio 2010 sulla promozione della buona governance in materia fiscale (2009/2174(INI) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P7-TA-2010-0020+0+DOC+XML+V0//IT) … 1. condanna fermamente il ruolo svolto dai paradisi fiscali nell'incoraggiare e nel trarre profitto dall'evasione fiscale, dall'elusione fiscale e dalla fuga di capitali; esorta pertanto gli Stati membri a considerare prioritaria la lotta contro i paradisi fiscali, l'evasione fiscale e la fuga illecita di capitali; invita l'Unione europea a potenziare la sua azione e ad adottare misure concrete e immediate, ad esempio sanzioni, contro i paradisi fiscali, l'evasione fiscale e la fuga illecita di capitali; • ritiene che una buona governance fiscale, intesa come trasparenza, scambio di informazioni a tutti i livelli, efficace cooperazione transfrontaliera e concorrenza fiscale leale, sia un elemento chiave per la ricostruzione dell'economia globale dopo il crollo finanziario del 2008;

  23. Risoluzione del Parlamento europeo del 10 febbraio 2010 sulla promozione della buona governance in materia fiscale (2009/2174(INI) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P7-TA-2010-0020+0+DOC+XML+V0//IT) 3. ricorda, a tale riguardo, che è di fondamentale importanza porre fine alla prassi di creare persone giuridiche fittizie per eludere la tassazione; sottolinea inoltre che, al posto del segreto bancario, si dovrebbe prevedere, in ogni caso, uno scambio automatico di informazioni in tutti gli Stati membri e i territori dipendenti; accoglie con favore, a tale riguardo, la proposta della Commissione relativa alla cooperazione amministrativa in materia fiscale, in quanto essa estende la cooperazione tra gli Stati membri alle imposte di ogni genere, abolisce il segreto bancario e stabilisce lo scambio automatico di informazioni come regola generale;

  24. Risoluzione del Parlamento europeo del 10 febbraio 2010 sulla promozione della buona governance in materia fiscale (2009/2174(INI) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P7-TA-2010-0020+0+DOC+XML+V0//IT) … 14. accoglie con favore i primi progressi compiuti in materia di buona governance fiscale a seguito delle iniziative adottate in altre sedi internazionali come il G-20, il G-8, le Nazioni Unite e, in particolare, l'OCSE; ritiene, tuttavia, che gli impegni assunti dal G-20 sino ad oggi non siano sufficienti ad affrontare le sfide poste dall'evasione fiscale, dai paradisi fiscali e dai centri offshore;

  25. Risoluzione del Parlamento europeo del 10 febbraio 2010 sulla promozione della buona governance in materia fiscale (2009/2174(INI) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P7-TA-2010-0020+0+DOC+XML+V0//IT) • ricorda che gli sforzi intesi a lottare contro i paradisi fiscali e l'evasione fiscale potranno essere coronati da successo solo se verranno applicate a tutti le stesse regole, in modo da evitare che si creino ulteriori lacune giuridiche che permettano di eludere la legge; ritiene, a tale riguardo, che la direttiva 2003/48/CE, che ha stabilito il principio dello scambio automatico di informazioni multilaterale tra i paesi, costituisca un passo positivo verso la creazione di un quadro globale per lo scambio automatico di informazioni; si compiace, pertanto, della proposta della Commissione volta a promuovere la cooperazione con i paesi terzi nel quadro della direttiva 2003/48/CE;

  26. Risoluzione del Parlamento europeo del 10 febbraio 2010 sulla promozione della buona governance in materia fiscale (2009/2174(INI) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P7-TA-2010-0020+0+DOC+XML+V0//IT) 16. invita l'OCSE e i suoi Stati membri a coinvolgere la Commissione nella revisione inter pares del Forum mondiale, in particolare per quanto riguarda l'identificazione delle giurisdizioni non cooperative e lo sviluppo di una procedura per valutare la conformità e l'attuazione di contromisure dissuasive volte a promuovere l'osservanza delle norme in questione; ritiene inoltre che il quadro dell'OCSE per la lotta contro i paradisi fiscali sia insoddisfacente; sottolinea la necessità di migliorare l'indicatore per il conseguimento dello status di giurisdizione cooperativa, ad esempio conferendogli un valore qualitativo; critica il fatto che tale indicatore richieda solamente la conclusione di dodici accordi sullo scambio di informazioni fiscali; si rammarica, a tale riguardo, del fatto che lo scambio di informazioni avvenga solo su richiesta e non costituisca un requisito obbligatorio e vincolante, e che l'OCSE consenta ai governi di sfuggire alla sua lista nera grazie alla sola promessa di rispettare i principi dello scambio di informazioni, senza tuttavia esigere garanzie che tali principi siano effettivamente messi in pratica;

  27. Tax and Development - Cooperating with Developing Countries on Promoting Good Governance in Tax Matters SEC(2010)426 21.4.2010 “On 28th April 2009, the European Commission issued a Communication on Promoting Good Governance in Tax Matters1, to present concrete actions that could be taken to better promote the principles of good governance in the tax area (transparency, exchange of information and fair tax competition), both within the European Union and towards third countries. The general objective is to improve tax cooperation and tackle tax evasion and avoidance on as broad a geographical basis as possible….

  28. Tax and Development - Cooperating with Developing Countries on Promoting Good Governance in Tax Matters SEC(2010)426 21.4.2010 ,,,This Communication aims to improve synergies between tax and development polices by suggesting ways in which the EU could assist developing countries in building efficient, fair and sustainable tax systems and administrations with a view to enhancing domestic resource mobilisation in a changing international environment. The European Parliament has expressed strong support in this regard”.

  29. Problemi e prospettive • Effettiva implementazione EoI • Differenze fra paesi • Probabilità di successo: • sanzioni • “autocoscienza”: i TH sono in casa! Vedi Delaware: USA e territori dipendenti (es isole del canale) nella UE

  30. Riferimenti bibliografici • P. Bosi, M.C. Guerra, I tributi nell’economia italiana, Bologna Il Mulino, ed. 2008. Per saperne di più: A. J. Auerbach, M.P. Devereux e H Simpson, Taxing corporate income, Mirrlees report, IFS, 2008, http://www.ifs.org.uk/mirrleesreview/press_docs/corporate.pdf R. Griffith, J. Hines e P.B.Sorensen, International capital taxation, Mirrlees report, IFS, 2008, http://www.ifs.org.uk/mirrleesreview/press_docs/international.pdf OECD, Fundamental reform of corporate income tax, OECD Tax policy studies, n.16, 2007 Michael P. Devereux , Taxation of Outbound Direct Investment: Economic Principles and Tax Policy Considerations, Paper WP08/24, http://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/Tax/publications/working+papers/WP0824.htm Slemrod J e J. D. Wilson Tax competition with Parasitic Tax Havens”, Michigan State University, 2006 Dharmapala, D., What problems and opportunities are created by tax havens? Oxford Review of Economic Policy 2008 24(4):661-679 Hong Q. , M. Smart, In Praise of Tax Havens: International Tax Planning and Foreign Direct Investment , CESifo Working Paper Series No. 1942 , March 2007

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