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PETROLEUM CONTAMINATION AND BEST AVAILABLE REMEDIATION IN RURAL DESERT COMMUNITIES

PETROLEUM CONTAMINATION AND BEST AVAILABLE REMEDIATION IN RURAL DESERT COMMUNITIES. Tyler Algeo. The Middle East. Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, United Arab Emirates, and Kuwait are five of the fourteen countries containing the majority of the world’s oil reserves. Oil Wealth.

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PETROLEUM CONTAMINATION AND BEST AVAILABLE REMEDIATION IN RURAL DESERT COMMUNITIES

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  1. PETROLEUM CONTAMINATION AND BEST AVAILABLE REMEDIATION IN RURAL DESERT COMMUNITIES Tyler Algeo

  2. The Middle East Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, United Arab Emirates, and Kuwait are five of the fourteen countries containing the majority of the world’s oil reserves.

  3. Oil Wealth “If parts of the region have come to be known for opulence, millions of people in other countries still suffer from multi-dimensional poverty -- some 18.2% of the region’s residents are living under national poverty lines.” - UNDP

  4. Oil Contamination • Oil routes span the globe • Large spills well publicized but smaller, cumulative spills from shipping, pipelines, and leaks go largely undocumented • Many pipelines are used beyond engineering life

  5. Case Study: Kuwait • Oil accounts for half GDP and 80% gov. revenue • GDP per capita of $60,800 • $108.9 million in reparations from UN-controlled Iraqi oil sales • Gulf War (1990-91): • 600 oil wells damaged • 300 oil lakes formed • Over 49km2 • With average depth of 2m

  6. Oil Lakes Burgan Oil Lake: • area of 25.6km2 • Contaminated soil to depth of 1m • Top 30cm was oily-sludge • Below 30cm - lower concentration • Additional challenge: salt

  7. Investigation of Techniques Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) and Japan Petroleum Energy Centre (PEC) Test effectiveness of common petroleum remediation techniques: • Heated Solvent/Water Washing Method • Landfarming • Windrow Composting Piles • Static Bioventing Piles

  8. Heated Solvent/Water Washing Method Goal: Reduce TPH down to below 5% so that bioremediation is possible • Two Stages • Heated solvent wash – kerosene • Add slurry to kerosene in a tank • Heat to 70oc and mix • Allow to settle and separate • Heated Water Washing • Add slurry to water and small amount of surface-active reagent in a tank • Heat to 70oc and mix • Allow to settle and separate

  9. Bioremediation Goal: Reduce TPH below 2% • Landfarming - “fields” of 40m by 40m by 30cm • Windrow composting pile - 20m long, 3m wide, 1.5m tall • Bio-venting Static Pile - 20m long, 3m wide, 1.5m tall

  10. Piles • Windrow Pile • Water is provided by leaky pipe • Air is provided by turnover • Bio-venting • Water is provided by leaky pipe • Air is provided by perforated plastic pipe attached to air-compressor

  11. Results TPH Removal Total Alkenes Removal

  12. Conclusion The combination of soil-washing and bioremediation is an effective way to remediate soil in Kuwait However… How accessible is this? Large, expensive equipment needed as well as technicians Average 18.2% of population living in poverty low development have close to half More research needs to be conducted to find low-cost, appropriate technologies for petroleum remediation in the Middle East

  13. References • Petroleum Contamination and Best Available Remediation in Rural Desert Communities • (IPCC)., I. P. (1997). PCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability. • Anderson, E. W. The Middle East: Geography and Geopolitics. Routledge. • Gapminder Foundation. (n.d.). GAPMINDER. Retrieved 2009, from Gapminder World: http://graphs.gapminder.org/world • Kostreba, L. (1999). Oil Spill Remediation Efforts in the Middle East. Restoration and Reclamation Review: International Restoration Efforts, 4. • M, T. B.-D.-A. (1997). BIOREMEDIATION OF OIL-CONTAMINATED DESERT SOIL: THE KUWAITI EXPERIENCE. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and Obayashi Corporation. • O’Rourke, D., & Connolly, S. (2003). JUST OIL? THE DISTRIBUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF OIL PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION. University of California, Berkeley & Massachusetts Institute of Technology. • Petroleum Energy Center. (1999). Survery of Technology for Remediation of Oil-Contaminated Soil in Kuwait. • Shouse, B. (2001, August). Kuwait Unveils Plan to Treat Festering Desert Wound. Science Magazine . • United Nations Development Programme. (n.d.). United Nations Development Programme: Arab States. Retrieved 2009, from Poverty Reduction: http://arabstates.undp.org/subpage.php?spid=8 • USA Central Intelligence Agency. (2009). The World Factbook. Retrieved from Kuwait: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook

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