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Finding our Way through the Nervous System

Finding our Way through the Nervous System. Some basic terms to guide our examination. Traditional Divisions. KW 2-13. Nerves (PNS) and Tracts (CNS). KW 2-12. PNS axons = nerves Ex: cranial nerves cell bodies = ganglion Ex: dorsal root ganglion. CNS Axons = tracts

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Finding our Way through the Nervous System

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  1. Finding our Way through the Nervous System Some basic terms to guide our examination

  2. Traditional Divisions KW 2-13

  3. Nerves (PNS) and Tracts (CNS) KW 2-12

  4. PNS axons = nerves Ex: cranial nerves cell bodies = ganglion Ex: dorsal root ganglion CNS Axons = tracts Ex: Pyramidal tract cell bodies = Nucleus Ex: Lateral Nucleus Cell Bodies and Axons

  5. Dorsal and Ventral KW 2-3

  6. Pear Sections

  7. Frontal Section KW 2-8

  8. Saggital Section KW 2-10

  9. Lobes of the Brain KW 1-1

  10. How Reflexes gave Birth to Psychology

  11. CNS and PNS KW 1-2

  12. Spinal Cord KW 2-28

  13. Dermatomes C6 C7 C8 KW 2-27

  14. Freud’s Discovery • Patient reported numbness in hand. • Glove Anesthesia • Does this sensory loss correspond to dermatomes? • No! • Loss must have another cause.

  15. Spinal Reflex • Interaction of the PNS nerves and • Spinal cord (CNS) • Rapid response • Protect the body • Important for movement

  16. Spinal Cord KW 2-28

  17. Afferent (sensory) and Efferent (motor) KW 2-4

  18. Knee-jerk Reflex KW 2-26

  19. Spinal Cord Section

  20. Spinal Reflex (sketch) Dorsal White Matter Sensory Nerve Mixed Nerve Grey Matter Motor Nerve Ventral

  21. Withdrawal Reflex

  22. Diseases that can affect reflexes • Multiple Sclerosis (Motor and/or sensory). • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) also know as Lou Gehrig’s disease (Motor). • Polio (Motor). • Tabes dorsalis (degenerative syphilis) sensory tracts in spinal cord.

  23. Sclerosis • Multiple Sclerosis: spinal pathways for sensation and movement. Myelin destroyed and repaired. Variable. • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: motor cell bodies and pathways. Progressive.

  24. Neurosyphilis • Parasitic infection • Several forms • Occur decade after initial infection • Tabes Dorsalis: attack on sensory pathways in spinal cord • Paresis: degeneration of the cortex

  25. Polio • Viral infection. • Infects motor nerves. • Destroys cell bodies. • Other motor cells try to compensate by branching out • Post polio syndrome

  26. Learned Reflex First model of experimental psychology

  27. Ivan Pavlov • 1849-1936 • Nobel prize in 1904 for studies on the digestive system • Classical conditioning • Learned reflex

  28. Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCR (salivation) No salivation During Conditioning After Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) CS (tone) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCR (salivation) CR (salivation)

  29. Behaviorism • John B. Watson >Impressed by Pavlov’s work >Good model for experimentation >viewed psychology as objective science • avoid reference to unobservable mental processes

  30. Internal control systems

  31. Functional Divisions KW 2-13

  32. Autonomic System KW 2-29

  33. Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Pupils dilate Decreases Perspires Increases Accelerates Inhibits Secrete stress hormones Parasympathetic division (calming) Pupils contract Increases Dries Decreases Slows Activates Decreases secretion of stress hormones EYES SALIVATION SKIN RESPIRATION HEART DIGESTION ADRENAL GLANDS Emotional Arousal

  34. Fight/Flight or Rest/Digest • Autonomic Nervous System • the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart) • Sympathetic Nervous System • division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations • Parasympathetic Nervous System • division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

  35. Cranial Nerves KW 2-14

  36. On Old Olympus Towering Top A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops Med Student’s Chant

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