1 / 50

NOTES: Ch 14, part 2 – Extending Mendelian Genetics

NOTES: Ch 14, part 2 – Extending Mendelian Genetics. The Spectrum of Dominance. ● Complete dominance occurs when the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical. CODOMINANCE:.

nitza
Download Presentation

NOTES: Ch 14, part 2 – Extending Mendelian Genetics

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. NOTES: Ch 14, part 2 – Extending Mendelian Genetics

  2. The Spectrum of Dominance ● Complete dominance occurs when the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical

  3. CODOMINANCE: ● In codominance 2 dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways ● Example: the human blood group MN

  4. CODOMINANCE: ● inheritance characterized by full expression of both alleles in the heterozygote Example: in chickens, BB = black feathers, bb = white, Bb = “speckled” (both black and white feathers)

  5. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE: ● inheritance where one allele is not completely dominant over the other, so the heterozygote has a phenotype that is intermediate between the phenotype of the 2 homozygotes Ex: RR = red flowers, rr = white, Rr = pink

  6. The Relationship Between Dominance and Phenotype ● Dominant and recessive alleles do not really “interact” ● they lead to synthesis of different proteins that produce a phenotype

  7. Frequency of Dominant Alleles ● Dominant alleles are not necessarily more common in populations than recessive alleles

  8. Multiple Alleles ● Most genes exist in populations in more than two allelic forms

  9. Table 14.2 ● The ABO blood group in humans is determined by multiple alleles

  10. Polygenic Inheritance ● Many human characters vary in the population along a continuum and are called quantitative characters

  11. POLYGENIC INHERITANCE: ● mode of inheritance in which the additive effect of 2 or more genes determines a single phenotypic character Examples: height hair color (4 gene pairs) eye color (2 gene pairs) skin color

  12. ● Quantitative variation usually indicates polygenic inheritance (An additive effect of 2 or more genes on a single phenotype)  AaBbCc AaBbCc aabbcc Aabbcc AABBCc AABBCC AaBbcc AaBbCc AABbCc 20⁄64 15⁄64 Fraction of progeny 6⁄64 1⁄64

  13. PLEIOTROPY: ● the ability of a single gene to have multiple phenotypic effects Examples: sickle cell anemia Siamese cats & tigers

  14. EPISTASIS: ● interaction between 2 nonallelic genes in which one modifies the phenotypic expression of the other Example: gene for pigment deposition is epistatic to gene for melanin production in mice

  15. ● An example of epistasis: BbCc BbCc  Sperm 1⁄4 bC 1⁄4 Bc 1⁄4 BC bc 1⁄4 Eggs 1⁄4 BBCC BbCC BbCc BC BBCc 1⁄4 bC BbCC bbCC bbCc BbCc 1⁄4 BBcc BBCc BbCc Bbcc Bc bbcc Bbcc BbCc 1⁄4 bbCc bc 4⁄16 9⁄16 3⁄16

  16. Nature and Nurture: The Environmental Impact on Phenotype ● Another departure from simple Mendelian genetics arises when the phenotype for a character depends on environment as well as on genotype

  17. ● The norm of reaction is the phenotypic range of a particular genotype that is influenced by the environment Figure 14.13

  18. MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE: ● A trait depends on many factors; a variety of genotypes as well as environmental influences (such as certain chemicals, medicines, or diet) Examples of disorders that may be a result of multifactorial inheritance:diabetes, heart disease, neural tube defects, autism, Alzheimer disease, ALS, and many cancer syndromes

  19. ~Same genotype ~Phenotype depends on acidity of soil ~height controlled by several genes ~height influenced by amount of nourishment

  20. Integrating a Mendelian View of Heredity and Variation ● An organism’s phenotype includes its physical appearance, internal anatomy, physiology, and behavior ● the phenotype reflects its overall genotype and unique environmental history

  21. Inheritance Patterns for Genetic Diseases in Humans

  22. George Arlene Sam Ann Michael Sandra Tom Wilma Carla Alan Tina Daniel Christopher Pedigree Analysis ● A pedigree is a family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations

  23. First generation (grandparents) ww ww Ww Ww Ff Ff ff Ff Second generation (parents plus aunts and uncles) ww Ww Ww ww Ww Ff ww ff Ff FF or Ff Ff ff Third generation (two sisters) FF or Ff ff WW or Ww ww No Widow’s peak Free earlobe Widow’s peak Attached earlobe (a) Dominant trait (widow’s peak) (b) Recessive trait (attached earlobe) ● Inheritance patterns of particular traits can be traced and described using pedigrees Figure 14.14 A, B

  24. 1) Autosomal Recessive: ● recessive alleles that cause human disorders are usually defective versions of normal alleles ● defective alleles code for either a malfunctioning protein or no protein at all

  25. ● heterozygotes can be phenotypically normal, if 1 copy of the normal allele is all that is needed to produce sufficient quantities of the “good” protein Examples: cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs, sickle cell anemia

  26. ● “Carriers” are heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal

  27. Cystic Fibrosis ● Symptoms of cystic fibrosis include: -Mucus buildup in the some internal organs -Abnormal absorption of nutrients in the small intestine

  28. Sickle-Cell Disease ● Sickle-cell disease: -Affects one out of 400 African-Americans -Is caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells ● Symptoms include: -Physical weakness, pain, organ damage, and even paralysis

  29. 2) Autosomal Dominant: ● only 1 dominant allele is needed in order to produce the effects of these diseases (heterozygous) ●Lethal homozygous dominant condition results in spontaneous abortion of fetus

  30. ● homozygous recessives are of normal phenotype Examples: achondroplasia, Huntington’s Disease

  31. ●ACHONDROPLASIA: a form of dwarfism that is lethal when homozygous for the dominant allele Figure 14.15

  32. ●HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE: a degenerative disease of the nervous system -it has no obvious phenotypic effects until about 35 to 40 years of age Figure 14.16

  33. Genetic Testing and Counseling ● Genetic counselors can provide information to prospective parents concerned about a family history for a specific disease

  34. Counseling Based on Mendelian Genetics and Probability Rules ● Using family histories genetic counselors help couples determine the odds that their children will have genetic disorders

  35. Tests for Identifying Carriers ● For a growing number of diseases tests are available that identify carriers and help define the odds more accurately

  36. Fetal Testing ●AMNIOCENTESIS: the liquid that bathes the fetus is removed and tested ●CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING(CVS): a sample of the placenta is removed and tested

More Related