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BENZENE AND BENZENE DERIVATIVES

. I. General Characteristics of Benzene A. All six carbon atoms are sp2 hybridized due to the three alternating double bonds. B. All six C-C bond lengths and strengths are one and a half (1

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BENZENE AND BENZENE DERIVATIVES

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    1. BENZENE AND BENZENE DERIVATIVES

    2. I. General Characteristics of Benzene A. All six carbon atoms are sp2 hybridized due to the three alternating double bonds. B. All six C-C bond lengths and strengths are one and a half (1˝) also due to the resonating double bonds. C. The shape of the molecule is flat with 120o bond angles for all the atoms. D. The resulting resonance give this molecule “resonance stability” which makes it unreactive like an alkane.

    3. II. Monosubstitued Derivatives of Benzene A. Toluene (Benzene with a methyl group). B. Aniline (Benzene with an amine group). C. Phenol (Benzene with a hydroxyl group). D. Benzoic Acid (Benzene with a carboxylic acid group). E. Benzene Sulfonic Acid (Benzene with a sulfonyl group). F. Bromobenzene (Benzene with a bromine group). G. Ethylbenzene (Benzene with an ethyl group).

    4. III. Disubstitued Derivatives of Benzene A. When a benzene ring already has a group attached to it, the next or incoming group can attach in three different ways creating three possible isomers: 1. Ortho (o-): One carbon away. 2. Meta (m-): Two carbons away. 3. Para (p-): Three carbons away. B. When naming these compounds, the special names should be used as the root and the attached group should be named first with the lower case letter preceding it (i.e. m-bromotoluene).

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