Chemicals in Food

1. Chemicals in Food We are What we Consume

2. Google Books • Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health • Food and Culture: A Reader • Home Grown: The Case for Local Food in a Global Market • Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal • The History Of Food • Food: The Chemistry of Its Components • Diet for a New America • Ensuring Safe Food: From Production to Consumption (National Research Council) • Food, the Body and the Self • Food Chemistry • Pesticide Residues in Food: Toxicological Evaluations : Joint Meeting of the ... (WHO) • Life in the USA - America Eats (Elliot Essman) – interesting home page

5. Major Concerns • Famine • Diet, Nutrition, and Obesity • Food Allergies • Food additives • Chemical Residues on Food • Cost of Food • Food Safety • Genetically Modified Organisms • Arctic vault opens to protect world's seeds from doomsday threats (Star Tribune)

6. Food Allergies • Food Allergies ( NIH) • Food Allergies: When Food becomes the Enemy (FDA) • The Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network • Food Allergies (KidsHealth) • Food Allergy Initiative • Food Additives (Center for Science in the Public Interest) • Sulfites: safe for most, dangerous for some (FDA) • A fresh look at preservatives (FDA)

7. Public Policy • The legislature defines and establishes broad social goals, outlines what behavior is needed to achieve those goals, delegates authority necessary to change behavior, appropriates revenue • The executive creates (promulgates) rules that are designed to implement legislation and change behavior • The judiciary examines claims by individuals, organizations, even governments, that specific legislation or specific regulation violates their constitutional rights and cause some harm

8. Databases - All are useful, each has some irritating deficiencies • Official • FirstGov.gov • Thomas (Library of Congress) • GPO Access (Government Printing Office) • Unofficial – make sure you are logged into the library • Legal Information Institute (Cornell University) • LexisNexis Congressional (Elsevier) • LexisNexis Academic (Elsevier) • Hein Online • Knovel • Llrx.com

9. Food Chemicals • Food Chemical Codex (Institute of Medicine of the National Academies) – the accepted standard for defining the quality and purity of food chemicals. It is frequently referenced by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration • Food Ingredients and Packaging (FDA) • Food Additives (Center for Science in the Public Interest) • Chemicals in Food and Water (Cornell University) • Recommendations for Submission of Chemical and Technological Data for Direct Food Additive Petitions (FDA) • International Food Information Council

10. Food Ingredients (American International Chemical Inc.) • Food Ingredients Online • Food Ingredients First (CNS Media BV) • Food Ingredients • Food Ingredients (Archer Daniels Midland) • Dietary Supplements (FDA)

11. Food Chemicals • About 6,000 chemicals, both synthetic and natural, are deliberately or inadvertently added to foods • Hundreds of thousands of chemicals – perhaps a million – are naturally present in foods • Coffee aroma alone consists of about 1,000 different chemicals • Relatively few chemicals that occur naturally in foods have been tested for their cancer-causing potential • Several natural carcinogens that are widely consumed in ordinary foods • Caffeic acid, found in coffee and in apples, lettuce, peaches, pears, potatoes, tomatoes and citrus fruits, causes cancer in laboratory animals, but its role, if any, in human cancer is unknown

12. Food Chemicals • Chemicals in Food? A Panel of Experts Finds Little Danger (NY Times Feb 16, 1996) • Food Chemicals “may harm humans” (BBC) • Chemicals and Food (Clemson University) • Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety)

13. Food Industry – Wikipedia • Regulation local, regional, national and international rules and regulations for food production and sale, including food quality and food safety, and industry lobbying activities • Education academic, vocational, consultancy • Research and development food technology, food chemistry – raw, cooked • Financial services insurance, credit • Manufacturing agrichemicals, seed, farm machinery and supplies, agricultural construction, • Agricultureraising of crops and livestock, seafood • Food processing preparation of fresh products for market, manufacture of prepared food products – also called Food Manufacturing • Marketing: promotion of generic products (e.g. milk board), new products, public opinion, through advertising, packaging, public relations, etc • Wholesale and distributionwarehousing, transportation, logistics • Retail supermarket chains and independent food stores, food services, restaurants, drinking establishments

14. Agriculture

16. Industry • Division A: Agriculture, Forestry, And Fishing • Crops • Livestock • Agricultural Services • Fishing, hunting, and trapping

17. Agricultural Law • Agricultural Law (Legal Information Institute) • Food & Drug Law (Legal Information Institute) • Current Statutory Law • 7 USC Agriculture • 15 USC Commerce and Trade • 16 USC Conservation • 21 USC Food and Drugs

18. 1947 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (June 25, 1947, ch. 125, as added Pub. L. 92-516, §2, Oct. 21, 1972, 86 Stat. 973; 7 U.S.C. 136 et seq.) • 1906Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906 (June 30, 1906, ch. 3915, 34 Stat. 768) • 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (June 25, 1938, ch. 675, Sec. 1, 52 Stat. 1040; 21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.) • Food Quality Protection Act (Public Law 104-170, Aug. 3, 1996; 7 USC 136 note) • Fluid Milk Promotion Act of 1990 (Pub. L. 101–624, title XIX, subtitle H (§1999A et seq.), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3914 (7 U.S.C. 6401 et seq.) • Fluid Milk Promotion Amendments Act of 1993 (Pub. L. 103-72, Aug. 11, 1993, 107 Stat. 717

19. 21 USC Food • Poultry and Poultry Inspection • Meat Inspection • Pesticide Monitoring

20. Current Administrative Law - Regulations • 7 CFR Agriculture • 9 CFR Animals and Animal Products • 21 CFR Food and Drugs • 27 CFR Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms • 40 CFR Protection of the Environment • 42 CFR Public Health • 50 CFR Wildlife and Fisheries

21. US Department of Agriculture

22. Agricultural Chemicals • Agricultural Chemicals and the Environment (Eds Hester R.E.; Harrison, R.M.) • Agricultural Chemicals (USGS) • Agricultural Chemicals and Production Technology (USDA Economic Research Service) • Agricultural Chemical Usage (USDA Economics, Statistics, and Market Information) • USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program (USGS) • Mid-continent Agricultural Chemical Research Project (USGS) • University of California, Weed Research Information Center, Chemical Manufacturer Links • Safe Practices and Agricultural Chemicals (Oregon Occupation and Safety Health Division) • 2006 North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual • Minnesota Department of Agriculture

23. Food Processing

24. SIC Division D Manufacturing • Major Group 20. Food and Kindred Products • Major Group 26. Paper and Allied Products • Major Group 51. Wholesale Trade-non-durable Goods • Major Group 54. Food Stores • Major Group 59 Eating and Drinking Places

25. Division D. Manufacturing. Major Group 28. Chemicals and Allied Products • Establishments producing basic chemicals and establishments manufacturing products by predominantly chemical processes • basic chemicals, such as acids, alkalis, salts, and organic chemicals • chemical products to be used in further manufacture, such as synthetic fibers, plastics materials, dry colors, and pigments • finished chemical products to be used for ultimate consumption, such as drugs, cosmetics, and soaps • finished chemical products to be used as materials or supplies in other industries, such as paints, food additives, fertilizers, and explosives

26. Food Processing (Grocery Manufacturers Association) • Food processing occupations (Bureau of Labor Statistics) • Meat processing (MeatProcess.com) • Food Processing (Foodprocessing-technology.com) • Foodprocessing.com • Energy Usage in the Food Industry (American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy) • Food Processing Industry Technical Resources (EPA) • How the Food Processing Industry is Diversifying Rural Minnesota (Julian Samora Research Institute Michigan State University)

27. Food Packaging & Labeling • 21 USC 343 Misbranded Food • Regulations • Food Labeling and Nutrition (FDA) • Focus on Food Labeling (FDA) • Labeling and Consumer Protection Staff (USDA) • A Food Labeling Guide (FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition) • Packaging and Labeling (FoodIndustry.com) • Halfbakery.com (A blog)

28. Food & Drug Administration

29. Organic Farming • Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 (USDA) • Pub. L. 101–624, title XXI, § 2102, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3935 • 7 USC 6501 et seq • National Organic Program • US Organic Farming (USDA) • Organic Trade Association

30. EPA Pesticides

31. Nutrition • Nutrition.gov • Consumer Nutrition and Health Information (FDA) • Food and Nutrition Center (USDA) • MyPyramid.gov (USDA) • Weston A. Price Foundation for Wise Traditions in Food, Farming and the Healing Arts

32. 42 USC Public Health & Welfare • Lead Based Paint Poisoning Prevention • Solid Waste Disposal • Air Pollution Prevention & Control • 15 USC Commerce & Trade • Hazardous Substances • Cigarette Advertising & Labeling • Flammable Fabrics • Toxic Substances Control