Historical Foundations of Education Dr. Janet Fredericks Northeastern Illinois University

1. Historical Foundations of EducationDr. Janet FredericksNortheastern Illinois University

2. Historical Issues & Themes • What are the recurring issues & themes? • Why are they issues? • How did they evolve? • What is the current status of each?

3. Historical Themes • Appropriate Education • Organization & structure of education • Repeating conflicting views, interests & objectives

4. European Roots • Class/Caste & Gender Based Education • Religious Education • Major Educational Structures

5. Appropriate Education Nobles Merchants/Craftsmen Religious ~ Class Linked Peasants [Based on Class/Caste & Gender]

6. Religious Education • Early Structures • Chantry Schools • Cathedral Schoolsevolved into: • universities • preparatory schools for universities • Post Reformation Structures • Luther/Melancthon utilized the Dual Track Model & developed vernacular schools for all children

7. Structures of Education [1] • Characteristics • Boys • [Noble girls tutored] • Latin/Greek • Classical • Preparatory Schools • Latin Grammar School • Lycee • Gymnasium

8. Paris Faculty Controlled 6000 students Theology/Arts Students = teenagers M.A. with public defense of thesis College System Problems with Townspeople Bologna Student Controlled 2000 students Law Students in their 30’s Doctoral Degree after 10 years No college system Emphasized city & political life Structures of Education [2] Universities

9. Elements Transmitted to Americas • Dual Track Education • Varied, Appropriate Education • Religion & Education are linked • Issues concerning vernacular education • University structure

10. Evolution of U.S. Education Common School Movement Historical Periods & Elements Educational Structures Development of Secondary Education Postsecondary Issues Recurring Conflicts Diversity Issues

11. New England Theocratic Society Homogenous First Compulsory School Laws Schools financed by: taxes, tuition, land, licenses, donations and lotteries Middle States Geography Highly Heterogeneous Parochial First book on education Emphasis on primary education Lack of government influence Historical Period: To 1800

12. Historical Period: To 1865 Southern Education • Appropriate Education based on Caste, Class, Gender, and Circumstance • Agricultural Society and Economy • Strong neoclassic and chivalric influences • Oratory-Personal Libraries-Frontierism • Formal, Informal & Direct Experience are equally important as educational experiences • Catholic and Anglican Influences

13. Thomas Jefferson University of Virginia Bill for the General Diffusion of Knowledge Benjamin Franklin Learned Societies & Libraries Secularized Puritan Ethic English Grammar School [Instruction in English, utilitarian curriculum, sense knowledge & scientific approach] Historical Period: To 1800

14. Historical Period: New Nation Need to Bind & Americanize the population • Government control of education [state level] • Need to teach for governance & population control, [later: immigration, urbanization & industrialization] • Need to establish & pay for schools • Need to develop teachers • Legislation • Northwest Ordinance -10 State Universities • State control of education chartered by 1821 -Common Schools & Conversion Patterns

15. Educational Structures: To 1865[Evolve - Some fade over time] CS • Dame Schools • Town Schools • Parochial [vernacular primary] schools • Latin Grammar Schools • English Grammar School • Private Venture Schools • Tutors • Postsecondary [Colonial, Princeton [Scot Model], Johns Hopkins [German/Graduate Education], State, Religious Affiliated colleges

16. Educational Structures: To 1865[Evolve - Some fade over time] • Academy- 1800 to 1870 • College Prep. -Teacher Training • Military -Practical/Terminal • Subscription Societies, Working Men’s Societies, Sunday Schools, Infant Schools • Monitorial Schools Popular experiment, Lancaster & Bell, Student Instructors/Groups, Materials Low cost, Ineffective

17. Characteristics Free Open to All Locally Controlled Publicly Supported 3 R’s, Health, Civics Nondenominational Christianity Developed POLITICAL Struggle Coalition of Super- intendents, business, teachers, some clergy, politicians & labor Influenced by 18th & 19th Century European Schools Concerns: language elimina- tion, property rights & privacy Common School Movement: 1820-1860

18. Secondary Education: 1840-1920’s LEGAL STRUGGLE TAXATION 1847 - KALAMAZOO CASE COMPLETION OF EDUCATIONAL LADDER

19. Secondary Education:1840-1920’s COMMITTEE OF TEN NEA - 1892 to 1893 What Subjects? How Long? Level? Manner? Charles Eliot & University Professors 9 Committees with hearings Decisions H.S. = 4 years Subjects = 1 year each Subjects = Math, English, Science, History, Lang. Teach all in the same way - Subject Centered Carnegie Credit Unit

20. Secondary Education:1840-1920’s Commission for the Reorganization of Secondary Education : 1911-1918 Clarence Kingsley & Professional Educators Driven by: Curriculum specialists, psychologists & those concerned with student issues Decisions: Seven Cardinal Principles *Health *Worthy Home Membership *3R’s + Expression *Citizenship *Ethical Character *Vocational Skills *Good use of leisure time

21. Postsecondary Issues • Who gets in and how? • Vocational v. Academic • What do we teach? • How do we assess? • Who controls the “school”? • Who pays and how much? • Expansion of access: • Campus • Community College System • Technology

22. National Interests: State Colleges and Universities • Northwest Ordinance of 1785 • 16th section of each township for education • Federal Land Grant Policy • Two townships of land for state universities as each territory entered the Union • Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 • Special Institutions of Higher Education • Military Academies: Annapolis and West Point • Columbia Institute for the Deaf [Gallaudet] 1857 • Howard University [After the Civil War]

23. Continua of Issues Community of Learners/dorms Public Service Social Purpose National Purpose Social Control Device Body of Studies Indulgence Individualistic Personal Investment Personal Career

24. Attributes of Land Grant Colleges • Differed in character and location • Purdue • Alaska Agricultural College & School of Mines • Emphasized • Agriculture • Blending of practical and scientific • Provided studies in field related to agriculture • Home Economics • Veterinary Medicine • Colleges were committed to industry and stressed: • Technology • Engineering • Applied Science • Many have large extension programs to make education available throughout the state

25. Junior & Community Colleges • 1892, President William Rainey Harper of the University of Chicago • divides undergraduate curriculum into first 2 years of Academic College and last 2 years of University College • 1901 Joliet [Illinois] is the first junior college established in the United States • 1920’s & 1930’s emphasis placed on vocational & technical programs as “Terminal Programs” • After World War II State “Master Plans” [CA, NY, IL, FL] emphasize an expanded role for junior colleges

26. Junior & Community CollegesContinued • Currently community colleges provide: • 2 year liberal arts • Adult education • Vocational & technical training • Cultural, economic & civic center for the people it serves, emphasizes links between the college and the community

27. Formation of the Modern University: 1865-1917 • Liberal Arts College, leading to a bachelor’s degree [Based on the English College model] • German Universities emphasizing: • Freedom to teach [Lehrfreiheit] • Freedom to learn [Lernfreiheit] • Johns Hopkins University [founded in 1876] is the prototype, which was emulated by other U.S. universities • Scholars were to be conscious of: • Conservation of knowledge & ideas • Interpretation of knowledge & ideas • The search for truth • Training of students to carry on work

28. Formation of the Modern University: 1865-1917 Continued • Focal point is the undergraduate College of Arts and Sciences, surrounded by graduate college and professional schools • Charles Eliot [Harvard President 1869 - 1909] • Introduced the Elective System • President as CEO of large educational corporation • Greater relationship between K -12 Schools and universities

29. Diversity Issues in U.S. Education : Historical Perspective [By Cultural, Language or Racial Group] • African-American - Good historical development and analysis • African [Non-U.S.] Documentation is sporadic, frequently blended into African-American experience • Native American - Interesting Studies, but not a comprehensive analysis • Hispanic - Diverse groups, studies have focused on language issues, very incomplete • Asian-American- Diverse Groups, few studies

30. Recurring Conflicts • Language of instruction • Relationship between religion & education • Appropriate Education: By ability, class & gender • Vocational vs. Academic • Subject Centered vs. Student Centered • Who pays for what? - Who controls what? • Access • Assessment