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Phonetics

Phonetics. Has anyone ever played the board game Battleship?. Phonetics. Phonetics. Phonetics. Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and how they are produced in the vocal tract. To fully understand how this system works, we first need to understand how the articulatory system works

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Phonetics

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  1. Phonetics • Has anyone ever played the board game Battleship?

  2. Phonetics

  3. Phonetics

  4. Phonetics • Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and how they are produced in the vocal tract. • To fully understand how this system works, we first need to understand how the articulatory system works • Articulators are the parts of the articulatory system that are used to produce sound

  5. Articulators • In nearly all speech sounds, the basic source of power is the respiratory system pushing air out of the lungs. • Air from the lungs goes up the trachea (windpipe) and through the larynx (voice box), at which point it must pass between two small muscular folds called the vocal cords.

  6. Articulators • The air passage above the larynx is called the vocal tract. • The vocal tract can be further divided into: • Oral tract: comprised of the pharynx and mouth • Nasal tract: comprised of the area within the nose

  7. Articulators • We can further divide the articulators into those that form the upper surface and those that form the lower surface. • This distinction is important because it is usually the lower surface that moves toward the upper surface in the formation of sounds.

  8. Articulators • The Upper Surface • To understand the Upper Surface, we start with the basic physiology of the Vocal Tract: • (you can find a picture of this on page 227 of IG and on the back cover)

  9. Articulators • Next, we add the Larynx, which contains the vocal cords and glottis • Technically speaking, the glottis is the opening between the vocal cords:

  10. Articulators • Next, we add in the Nasal Cavity:

  11. Articulators • Next in line is the Upper Lip:

  12. Articulators • Then the Upper Teeth:

  13. Articulators • Followed by the Alveolar Ridge, which is a small protuberance behind the upper teeth:

  14. Articulators • Then the Hard Palate, which is the front part of the roof of your mouth formed by a bony structure:

  15. Articulators • Next comes the Soft Palate, which is also called the velum. (You may have to use your finger for this). The Soft Palate is a muscular flap that can be raised to press against the back wall of the pharynx and shut off the nasal tract, preventing air from going out through the nose. When this closure happens, it is said to be a velic closure.

  16. Articulators • This is followed by the Uvula, which is a small appendage that hangs from the lower end of the soft palate:

  17. Articulators • Finally, we have the Pharynx, which is the part between the uvula and the larynx. The back wall of the pharynx can be considered one of the articulators on the upper surface:

  18. Articulators • The Lower Surface • First comes the Lower Lip (and the Lower Teeth):

  19. Articulators • Next is the Tongue. Please note, however, that the tongue is divided into several different parts:

  20. Articulators • The first part of the tongue is the Tip:

  21. Articulators • The next part is the Blade, which is just behind the tip of the tongue. The tip and the blade are the most mobile parts of the tongue:

  22. Articulators • The Front of the tongue is actually the forward-most part of the body of the tongue:

  23. Articulators • The body of the tongue is also made up of the Center:

  24. Articulators • And the Back:

  25. Articulators • Even farther back, opposite the back wall of the pharynx, is the Root:

  26. Articulators • Finally comes the Epiglottis, which is attached to the lower part of the root of the tongue: • (The epiglottis prevents food from getting into the windpipe during swallowing)

  27. Features • As we proceed, please keep this in mind: The goal of linguistics is to motivate a description of language that is based on internal, systematic, rule-governed criteria, not external, folk-myth criteria. • To do this, we need to begin to think of language in terms of features or feature systems.

  28. Features • We’ll define a feature system as “a codified description of the articulatory (and sometimes acoustic) properties of speech sounds that can be used to distinguish one sound from another consistently and unambiguously.”

  29. Features • For example, if the vocal cords are apart, as they normally are when breathing out, the air from the lungs will have a relatively free passage into the pharynx and the mouth.

  30. Features • However, if the vocal cords are adjusted so that there is only a narrow passage between them, the air-stream will cause them to vibrate. • Sounds produced when the vocal cords are vibrating are said to be voiced, as opposed to those in which the vocal cords are apart, which are said to be voiceless.

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