Roles of a Response Force

1. 1

2. 2 Module Outline

3. 3

4. 4 Roles of a Response Force Based on force structure and capability, responders can execute the following escalating levels of response to alarms on protected radioactive materials:

5. 5 Alert and Notify First level of response Depending on size of guard force, training or equipment, may be the only organic response. Limited to monitoring alarm signals and notifying another force, e.g., local law enforcement, that is able to mobilize to the scene of intrusion/attack. In this case the in-place guard force Does not deploy personnel to incident scene. Does not have capability to interrupt an adversary Does not have capability to defeat/arrest adversary

6. 6 Interruption Second level of response Mobilization of responders to vicinity of intrusion/alarm Mere deployment of force, often with sirens and flashing lights, can interrupt an adversary before they steal/damage the protected radioactive source. Responders do not always have to engage in force on force confrontation to successfully interrupt adversary An interrupted adversary can result in rendering adversary mission compromised.

7. 7 Defeat/Arrest Highest level of Response Assumes force on force confrontation, leading to defeat/arrest of adversary before accomplishment of adversary task. Effectiveness of response force determined by: Arrival of response force before adversary departs site or accomplishes their mission Size of response force sufficient to overcome adversary Response force trained and equipped to defeat adversary

8. 8 Performance measures Successful communication to response force Timeliness of communication Deployment to adversary location Timeliness of deployment Response force effectiveness in defeating/arresting adversary Response Slide Summary The response function must be told there is a problem, they must get to the site in time to interrupt the adversary, and then finally they must be able to neutralize the adversary. Slide Details Clearly, the response force cannot respond if they have not been called, so the local alarm station must be able to reliably call the police or guard force. Then the response force must have plans and have practiced response to the point where they can reliably support the facility in case of an attack Finally, when the response force arrives, they must deploy and then fight the adversary. Response force effectiveness depends on many things such as: Training 4. Fighting position Motivation 5. Source Threat Definition Equipment 6. Legal system and authoritySlide Summary The response function must be told there is a problem, they must get to the site in time to interrupt the adversary, and then finally they must be able to neutralize the adversary. Slide Details Clearly, the response force cannot respond if they have not been called, so the local alarm station must be able to reliably call the police or guard force. Then the response force must have plans and have practiced response to the point where they can reliably support the facility in case of an attack Finally, when the response force arrives, they must deploy and then fight the adversary. Response force effectiveness depends on many things such as: Training 4. Fighting position Motivation 5. Source Threat Definition Equipment 6. Legal system and authority

9. 9 Response Plans and Procedures Design response plan with the following criteria: Timely alert and notification of responders Effective interruption of adversary force Response force must have specific rules of engagement to follow, specifically in escalation of levels of force Coordinate response plan with facility operations Comply with legal requirements (some laws place limits on response forces) Define force procedures and the Use of Force Continuum Create plans/agreements to ensure effective response coordination with other agencies, e.g., local law enforcement Prepare a site response plan consistent with organic capabilities Ensure responders are trained and equipped in accordance with the plan Slide Summary The first two objectives were covered in the terms Interrupt and Neutralize. It is clearly important to have the response function be appropriate to the facility and the culture and environment of the facility. Response must also comply with legal requirements. Slide Details The following slides will illustrate the response force objective, along with different level of plans that should be in place in advance of any attack. Finally a couple of slides will be used to illustrate the unique situation of the proper response to an insider adversary. Slide Summary The first two objectives were covered in the terms Interrupt and Neutralize. It is clearly important to have the response function be appropriate to the facility and the culture and environment of the facility. Response must also comply with legal requirements. Slide Details The following slides will illustrate the response force objective, along with different level of plans that should be in place in advance of any attack. Finally a couple of slides will be used to illustrate the unique situation of the proper response to an insider adversary.

10. 10 Use of Force Continuum Application of force detailed in response plans can allow for escalation based on response force capabilities, circumstances of intrusion and adversary: Presence Verbal Challenge Non-lethal Deadly force

11. 11 Use of Force Continuum - Presence Slide Summary This is an example of �presence�. If an officer were present with a gun or with a dog.. even without having to act, the adversary might simply decide to stop the actions. Slide Details Includes display of authority as a peace officer and such non-verbal means of communication as body language, demeanor, and manner of approaching. Verbalization, which is the next level, involves the direction, and commands given to the subject. Slide Summary This is an example of �presence�. If an officer were present with a gun or with a dog.. even without having to act, the adversary might simply decide to stop the actions. Slide Details Includes display of authority as a peace officer and such non-verbal means of communication as body language, demeanor, and manner of approaching. Verbalization, which is the next level, involves the direction, and commands given to the subject.

12. 12 Use of Force Continuum � Use of Hands/Control Techniques Slide Summary Probably the lowest level of non-lethal force is the use of hands. Slide Details Every responding officer should know that the intent of the policy is to first use restraining and detaining techniques. This includes an officer laying hands on a subject with the intention of gaining control of the subject. Examples include the use of a firm grip, escort position or grappling types of techniques designed to hold a subject down by using the weight of an officer's body. Also included in this level would be the application of temporary restraining devices such as handcuffs and leg restraints. Some compliance techniques involve joint manipulations, pressure point applications, take-down type techniques and the use of intermediate weapons in control type configurations. This also Includes the use of personal weapons such as hands, feet, elbows and knees to strike a subject.Slide Summary Probably the lowest level of non-lethal force is the use of hands. Slide Details Every responding officer should know that the intent of the policy is to first use restraining and detaining techniques. This includes an officer laying hands on a subject with the intention of gaining control of the subject. Examples include the use of a firm grip, escort position or grappling types of techniques designed to hold a subject down by using the weight of an officer's body. Also included in this level would be the application of temporary restraining devices such as handcuffs and leg restraints. Some compliance techniques involve joint manipulations, pressure point applications, take-down type techniques and the use of intermediate weapons in control type configurations. This also Includes the use of personal weapons such as hands, feet, elbows and knees to strike a subject.

13. 13 Use of Force Continuum � Less Than Lethal Equipment* Chemicals Impact weapons Tasers Less-lethal munitions Slide Summary As the confrontation escalates, the responding force may have to use weapons such as shown in this slide. Slide Details Almost all law enforcement personnel are equipped with less than lethal weapons and often are required to use them in their job. This may not be the case with the local guard at a hospital or irradiation facility if that person (or persons) are the responding force to an attack. The appropriate use of these weapons must be in the plan and practiced.Slide Summary As the confrontation escalates, the responding force may have to use weapons such as shown in this slide. Slide Details Almost all law enforcement personnel are equipped with less than lethal weapons and often are required to use them in their job. This may not be the case with the local guard at a hospital or irradiation facility if that person (or persons) are the responding force to an attack. The appropriate use of these weapons must be in the plan and practiced.

14. 14 Use of Force Continuum � Lethal Equipment

15. 15 Response Training Critical part of response force program High-stress situations require good training for effective decision making Critical knowledge and skills Training forums Classroom, On-the-job, and Field exercises Equipment Wide variety of types of equipment, from individual to team Communications equipment critical Consider the threat when determining what equipment is necessary Detail-Level Response Planning Slide summary While training and practice is important from a high level plan with the local police, it is just as important and maybe more important for your on-site response personnel. Slide Details If the detailed-level response plan contains elements of a on-site response team, then their training, equipment, and knowledge must be addressed. Training is more than just classroom� it is more than just on the job training, it is the intentional development and execution of training field exercises. It is a fact of life that nobody wants to disrupt operations and nobody wants to spend money on security exercises (particularly since we have never had such an attack on a source facility); however, it must be done. It is the only way that response personnel can develop skills in really responding and develop confidence in the plans and each other. Slide summary While training and practice is important from a high level plan with the local police, it is just as important and maybe more important for your on-site response personnel. Slide Details If the detailed-level response plan contains elements of a on-site response team, then their training, equipment, and knowledge must be addressed. Training is more than just classroom� it is more than just on the job training, it is the intentional development and execution of training field exercises. It is a fact of life that nobody wants to disrupt operations and nobody wants to spend money on security exercises (particularly since we have never had such an attack on a source facility); however, it must be done. It is the only way that response personnel can develop skills in really responding and develop confidence in the plans and each other.

16. 16 Response Force Equipment Individual Protective Equipment Body armor Helmet Gas Mask Non-Lethal or Lethal Weapons Individual Communications Radiation detector Miscellaneous equipment Flashlights Handcuffs

17. 17 Communication Systems Security force use of communication techniques Normal, day-to-day operations Calling for response in event of an unauthorized intrusion or alarm emergency Coordinating the interruption and subsequent actions Coordination with outside assistance Radio communications systems most common Radio (FM, Clear Voice, Un-encrypted) If more security and reliability is needed, equipment available Plan for alternate means of communication as back up to primary Consider communicating �Duress�

18. 18 Summary ofResponse Force Features Response is one of the six Physical Protection Functions The Response Force plays a key role during an attack Three levels of response Alert and Notify Interruption Defeat/Arrest Planning and Standard Operating Procedures are critical for an effective Response function Guard Force effectiveness is affected by: Effective Communications Timely Response Training Proper Equipment