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Data Collection and Documentation. UO Clinical Practicum Frank Bender. What are data?. Client’s responses to stimuli Measurement of behavior. What Kind of Data Do We Collect?. Frequency of occurrence Percentage correct Duration of behavior Rating scores. Baseline Data.
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Data Collection and Documentation UO Clinical Practicum Frank Bender
What are data? • Client’s responses to stimuli • Measurement of behavior
What Kind of Data Do We Collect? • Frequency of occurrence • Percentage correct • Duration of behavior • Rating scores
Baseline Data • Contribute to setting treatment goals • What area should we focus on? • Where do we start? • Documentation of behavior change – Outcome Measure • Allows comparison of pre-and post-intervention measures • May use probe lists of trained and untrained targets • Speech/language sample • Logs
Session Data • Use to • Monitor treatment effect & session-to-session progress • Plan next session • Keep in mind… • Collect data systematically • Collect generalization data
Planning your data collection… • Setting up the room/material • Continuous versus intermittent data-taking • Record sessions if you need to… • Remember - it takes practice …and planning
Planning your data collections… • Know your target - clarify target if needed • Know criteria for meeting objective • Create/select a data collection system • Decide on notation system
Data Collection &Notation system • Select/create a data collection system • Event recording • Duration recording • Interval recording • Rating scale • Decide on a notation system • Numbers • Symbols • Tallies • Transcription
Data Collection System Event Recording Duration Recording Duration recording is used to document the amount of time a student spends engaging in a behavior. A behavior that has a clear beginning and ending can be observed using a duration recording method. Examples of behaviors that may be observed using duration recording include crying, reading a book, writing in class, time spent working on a math assignment, or out of seat behavior. • Event recording is a process for documenting the number of times a behavior occurs. An observer using event recording makes a tally mark or documents in some way each time a student engages in a target behavior. The observer also records the time period in which the behavior is being observed.
Data Collection System Interval Recording Partial Interval Recording Partial interval recording is an interval recording method. In partial interval recording, the observer marks down whether a behavior occurs any time during the interval by placing an "X" for occurrence and a "O" for no nonoccurrence. A student may engage in a behavior multiple times during the interval or only once for an "X" to be documented. • Whole interval recording is one type of interval recording method. An interval recording strategy involves observing whether a behavior occurs or does not occur during specified time periods. Whole interval recording means that the observer is interested in behavior that occurs during the entire interval.
Data Collection System Rating Scales Outcome Measures An outcome measure is the result of a test that is used to objectively determine the baseline function of a patient at the beginning of treatment. Once treatment has commenced, the same instrument can be used to determine progress and treatment efficacy and effectiveness. • A rating scale indicates the degree or frequency of the behaviors, skills and strategies displayed by a client. Rating scales state the criteria and provide three or four response selections to describe the quality or frequency of student work.
Data Collection Practice • Tracking productions for the /r/ • Male Client • Age: 12-1 • Let’s Calibrate and Compare Notations • What kind of recording are we doing? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r36WI0wgbfw
After the session • Review collected data immediately after session • Occasionally conduct reliability check • Include data in your daily note • Share data with client and family
Example • N will use /m/, /p/ and /b/ correctly in the initial position of 5 words each. • N will spontaneously say an average of two words per sentence to communicate her wants & needs at home and in clinic sessions.
Forms of Documentation • SOAP note • Assessment Report • Individual Treatment Plan/Progress Report • Discharge Report
SOAP Notes? • Subjective information • Objective information • Assessment of the session • Plan for the next session
Subjective Information • Comment on how client participated in therapy • Important events since last session • Medical issues • Completion of homework • Caregiver/parent training or information provided?
Subjective - Examples • Tammy was very active today. She responded positively to reminders to stay in her seat, follow directions, and complete tasks. • Mom commented: “Yesterday I heard her say her brother’s name correctly for the first time.” • Mom reported that Marc has a bad cough. She plans to take him to the doctor this afternoon. • Ali’s mom asked if she could get more pictures to practice at home.
Objective Information • Report data related to your session objectives • Different ways to report data in O section • Narrative • Table format • Bullets
Example of Objective DataNarrative • Production of /sk/ was 75 %correct (15/20) given a verbal model when naming picture cards in a matching game. This compares to 50% (10/20) during last session. Tammy would typically simplify the cluster /sk/ to /k/.
Example of Objective Data Bullets • Target: Consonant cluster /sk/, initial position in words given a verbal model • Accuracy for current session 75% (15/20) • Accuracy for last session: 50% (10/15) • Error pattern: Consonant simplification (k for sk)
Assessment • Analysis and interpretation of data • Change from previous session • Effectiveness of cues, strategies, activities • Explanation of success or difficulties • NO NEW information in A section • Avoid restating data from S and O sections • Avoid “speculating”
Example of Assessment • Tammy consistently improved her ability to produce /sk/ given a verbal model over the last week when therapy targeted this sound cluster. Tammy benefits from knowing what is expected from her and remains focused with lots of positive reinforcement.
Plan • Plan for next therapy session • Be specific about planned adjustments in target level, level of cueing, activities or homework • Note client’s homework for next session • Note any • Additional testing needed • Referrals needed
Example of Plan • Continue with Cycles approach: • New cluster: /sp/ • Continue with /sk/ • Use picture agenda and simple reward system (stars, stickers) to keep Tammy focused on the task • Tammy to use 5 words with /sk/ every day at home. List of games/activities was given to Tammy’s mom.
Use Accurate, Concise, and Informative Language Not very informative More informative JM kept listening to people talking outside the window and participated in planned activities for only brief periods of time. • JM was not paying attention today.
Useful and relevant to other clinician Too vague More precise Continue with Cycles approach: New cluster: /sp/ Continue with /sk/ • Continue with Cycles Therapy per plan.
Use Client/Family-Friendly Language (as appropriate) SLP Language Parent Language The child said six sentences that consisted of 3 words. • The child produced six 3-word-utterances.
Write from Client’s Perspective From Clinician’s Perspective From Client’s Perspective The client’s accuracy of target sound production was 30% given a verbal model only. Accuracy increased to 80% given a verbal model and visual cues. • The clinician first used a verbal model only, which resulted in 30% accuracy of target sound production. When the clinician added a visual cue, the client was able to respond with 80% accuracy.
Explanation of Technical Terms and Acronyms The Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation–2nd Edition (GFTA-2) is a norm-referenced, standardized test that focuses on how a child says individual sounds by targeting each sound in each word position. The child is asked to name objects in pictures that contain the targeted speech sounds.
Explanation of Technical Terms and Acronyms • A Language Sample is a word-for-word record of a child’s speech and language, which is written down by the speech therapist during testing and play activities. An analysis of the language sample shows how long the child’s sentences are and how much of his or her speech is understandable.
