Introduction: Unifying Themes of Biology

Introduction: Unifying Themes of Biology Chapter 1

Inquiring About the Natural World • Biology is the scientific study of life • Evolution is the basic principle of biology • Scientific Inquiry is how we approach the study of life

Study of Life • Look at the natural world by studying what living things do. • Diversity and complexity • How things are connected

Fig. 1-3 Order Response to the environment Evolutionary adaptation Regulation Reproduction Energy processing Growth and development

Fig. 1-3a Order

Fig. 1-3b Evolutionary adaptation

Fig. 1-3c Response to the environment

Fig. 1-3d Reproduction

Fig. 1-3e Growth and development

Fig. 1-3f Energy processing

Fig. 1-3g Regulation

Connecting Themes: Big Ideas • More than just memorizing details • Themes or Big Ideas will help you organize the information.

The Four Big Ideas: Big Idea 1 • The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. • Makes sense of everything we know about living organisms • Unifies biological concepts

Fig. 1-16 15 µm 5 µm Cilia of Paramecium Cilia of windpipe cells 0.1 µm Cross section of a cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope

Fig. 1-15 (a) DOMAIN BACTERIA (b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA (c) DOMAIN EUKARYA Protists Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia

Fig. 1-14 Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Ursus americanus (American black bear) Ursus Ursidae Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Animalia Eukarya

The Four Big Ideas: Big Idea 2 • Biological Systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain homeostasis. • What are systems?

Fig. 1-4c The biosphere

Fig. 1-4d Ecosystems

Fig. 1-4e Communities

Fig. 1-4f Populations

Fig. 1-4g Organisms

Fig. 1-4h Organs and organ systems

Fig. 1-4i Tissues 50 µm

Fig. 1-4j 10 µm Cell Cells

Fig. 1-4k 1 µm Organelles

Fig. 1-4l Atoms Molecules

Fig. 1-6 (a) Wings (b) Bones Infoldings of membrane Mitochondrion 100 µm 0.5 µm (c) Neurons (d) Mitochondria

Fig. 1-13a A Negative feedback – Enzyme 1 B D Enzyme 2 Excess D blocks a step D D C Enzyme 3 D (a) Negative feedback

Fig. 1-13b W Enzyme 4 X Positive feedback + Enzyme 5 Excess Z stimulates a step Z Y Z Z Enzyme 6 Z (b) Positive feedback

The Four Big Ideas: Big Idea 3 • Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to life processes.

Fig. 1-7 25 µm

Fig. 1-9 Sperm cell Nuclei containing DNA Embryo’s cells with copies of inherited DNA Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents Egg cell Offspring with traits inherited from both parents

Fig. 1-10 Nucleus DNA Nucleotide Cell (a) DNA double helix (b) Single strand of DNA

Fig. 1-11

The Four Big Ideas: Big Idea 4 • Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex processes.

Fig. 1-5 Sunlight Ecosystem Producers (plants and other photosynthetic organisms) Cycling of chemical nutrients Heat Chemical energy Consumers (such as animals) Heat

Scientific Inquiry • A search for information and explanation • What is the scientific method? • What are its components?

Fig. 1-24a Observations Question Hypothesis #1: Dead batteries Hypothesis #2: Burnt-out bulb

Fig. 1-24b Hypothesis #1: Dead batteries Hypothesis #2: Burnt-out bulb Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem Test prediction Test prediction Test does not falsify hypothesis Test falsifies hypothesis

Introduction: Unifying Themes of Biology