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Rapid cyclogenesis (bombs ) textbook section 8.5

Rapid cyclogenesis (bombs ) textbook section 8.5. Contents. definition : SLP deepening rate 24 mb / 24 hours is known as 1 “ bergeron ” (Sanders and Gyakum 1980) example: 18 Feb 2004, off the US East Coast climatology physical processes horizontal temperature gradient

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Rapid cyclogenesis (bombs ) textbook section 8.5

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  1. Rapid cyclogenesis (bombs)textbook section 8.5 Contents • definition: • SLP deepening rate • 24 mb / 24 hoursis known as 1 “bergeron” (Sanders and Gyakum 1980) • example: 18 Feb 2004, off the US East Coast • climatology • physical processes • horizontal temperature gradient • surface heat fluxes • diabatic heating (air-sea interaction instability) • jet streak interactions • tropopause folds

  2. H

  3. 1018

  4. 1008

  5. 992

  6. 970

  7. rapid cyclogenesis climatology • most common • in winter • off east coasts Atlantic Pacific Gulfstream axis

  8. Atlantic Pacific Labrador current KuroShio OyaShio Gulf Stream

  9. Rapid cyclogenesis mechanisms: near-surface processes • 1. Baroclinicity • large SST gradient and land-sea contrast • strong thermal wind • strong omega ‘forcing’ • Even weak cross-isotherm winds produce large LL temperature advection • LL cyclonic flow readily alters thickness field and amplifies UL trof/ridge  large PVA • 2. Surface sensible heat flux reduces the low-level static stability • 3. Surface latent heat fluxfuels the storm:

  10. Rapid cyclogenesis mechanisms, cont’d • Bombs are primarily baroclinic destabilizations, yet some intensification may occur through a barotropic process, air-sea interaction instability(Emanuel 1986) more BL water vapor (a) low pressure implies surface wind  larger sfc LH flux more LH release in updraft (b) low pressure implies z >0 in friction layer  Ekman pumping and LL convergence stronger updraft cyclogenesis spin-up (z)

  11. Rapid cyclogenesis mechanisms aloft: QG argument • Large low-level water vapor content implies diabatic heating (typically peaking between 850-700 mb) • local max in J (diabatic heating) makes the last term positive  stronger updraft • also, the static stability parameter s tends to be small in the warm sector over warm water

  12. Horizontal temperature gradient 3 different values of stability parameter dash – high s solid – medium s dot – low s surface deepening rate (mb/hr) From: Sanders 1971 wavelength

  13. rapid cyclogenesis (anywhere) may also be driven by upper-tropospheric processes (a) Strong coupled jet-front circulation systems • superposition of two upper-level jet streak ascent regions. The interaction is between • a thermally-direct circulation located within the entrance region of a downstream jet streak • and a thermally-indirect circulation in the exit region of an upstream jet streak • This interaction not only enhances omega, but also contributes to differential moisture and temperature advections, and establish an environment within which BL processes specific to the East Coast region (e.g., cold-air damming, coastal frontogenesis, the development of a low-level jet) can further contribute to cyclogenesis and snowstorms. (Uccellini and Kocin 1987)

  14. rapid cyclogenesis (anywhere) may also be driven by upper-tropospheric processes (b) Strong WAA aloft due to tropopause depression (or ‘fold’) may cause rapid cyclogenesis in some cases (hydrostatic lowering of SLP)

  15. Tropopause folds and ‘occlusions’ (H: scale height = RT/g)  Surface height falls (cyclogenesis) relates to warming in the column aloft, with all layers of equal depth weighted equally. developing Tropopausedepressions always occur in the mature stages of cyclogenesis in the UL trof, causing the surface L to ‘move’ into the cold air. Tropopausefolds below 500 mb are rare and may contribute to rapid cyclogenesis. mature Hirshberg and Fritsch (1991)

  16. Example of a “normal” tropopause depression

  17. color fill: potential vorticity (0.1 PV units, i.e. 10-7 m2 s-1 K kg-1)

  18. @ dynamic tropopause (1.5 PVU) SLP, 850 PV, and 850 qe q and wind pressure 450 12 March 1993: storm of the 20th century: impressive tropopause fold 00 Z 12 March 150 1009 150 400 00 Z 13 March 998 150 Rapid cyclogenesis 00 Z 14 March 972 150 750 (from Bosart in Shapiro and Gronas 1999)

  19. References • Emanuel, K.A., 1986: An Air-Sea Interaction Theory for Tropical Cyclones. Part I: Steady-State Maintenance. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 585–605. • Hirshberg, P.A., and M.J. Fritsch, 1991a: Tropopause undulations and the development of extratropical cyclones. Part I: Overview and observations from a cyclone event. Mon. Wea. Rev.,119, 496-517. • Hirshberg, P.A., and M.J. Fritsch, 1991b: Tropopause undulations and the development of extratropical cyclones. Part II: Diagnostic analysis and conceptual model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 518-550. • Sanders, F., 1971: analytic solutions of the nonlinear omega and vorticity equations for a structurally simple model of disturbances in the baroclinicwesterlies. Mon. Wea. Rev., 99, 393–407. • Sanders, F., and J.R. Gyakum, 1980: Synoptic-Dynamic Climatology of the “Bomb”. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1589–1606. • Uccellini, L.W., D. Keyser, K. F. Brill and C. H. Wash, 1985: The Presidents' Day Cyclone of 18–19 February 1979: Influence of upstream trough amplification and associated tropopause folding on rapid cyclogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev.,113, 962–988. • Uccellini, Louis W., Paul J. Kocin, 1987: The Interaction of Jet Streak Circulations during Heavy Snow Events along the East Coast of the United States. Weather and Forecasting: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 289–309.

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