Defending and Expanding the New Nation: The War of 1812 and Beyond

1. 1803–1818 CHAPTER 10 DEFENDING AND EXPANDING THE NEW NATION CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ

2. “All red men [must] unite in claiming a common and equal right in the land, as it was at first, and should be yet; for it never was divided, but belongs to all, for the use of each.” Tecumseh

3. TIMELINE 1803 British impressment of Americans 1804 Jefferson reelected 1806 Non-Importation Act 1807 Embargo Act 1808 James Madison elected President 1809 Tecumseh’s confederacy established 1812 Madison reelected West Florida annexed War declared against England 1813 Battle of the Thames 1814 Treaty of Ghent Battle of Horseshoe Bend 1815 Battle of New Orleans 1816 James Monroe elected President Second Bank of the United States chartered

4. DEFENDING AND EXPANDING THE NEW NATION Overview • The British Menace • The War of 1812 • The “Era of Good Feelings”? • The Rise of the Cotton Plantation Economy

5. THE BRITISH MENACE • The Embargo of 1807 • On the Brink of War

6. The Embargo of 1807 • In response to continued British seizing of American ships and impressment of American sailors • 1807: Chesapeake off of Virginia Coast • Jefferson’s goal with the embargo was to force England to respect American independence • Unanticipated results were the promotion of industrialization in U.S. • States relied on locally produced items

7. On the Brink of War • 1809: James Madison President • Non-Intercourse Act eases ban on European goods • 1810: Macon’s Bill No. 2 positions America between France and England • Prophet Town and Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, Shawnee Indians • In 1808 they establish Prophet Town, but in 1811 William Harrison attacks it and burns it to the ground. Better guns helped the whites in their victory.

8. THE WAR OF 1812 • Pushing North • Fighting on Many Fronts • An Uncertain Victory

9. The War of 1812 • June 1, 1812: President Madison sends England American grievances • British Navy’s seizure of Americans • Blockade of American goods • Indian conflicts supported by British • June 18, 1812: Congress votes to declare war on England

10. Pushing North • A 3-pronged attack on Canada • Niagara, Detroit, Lake Champlain • 1812: British align with Indians (Tecumseh) • Detroit and Fort Dearborn • September, 1813: Perry victory at Lake Erie • October, 1813: Harrison victory at Battle of the Thames (Ontario) • 1814: English defeat Napolean freeing up troops for war in U.S.

11. The Northern Front, War of 1812

12. Fighting on Many Fronts • March, 1814: Horseshoe Bend defeat of Red Tips and the resulting Treaty gives U.S. 23 million acres of Creek land • August 24, 1814: the battle of Bladensburg, MD and the burning of the Capitol and White House by the British • Battle in Baltimore and the “Star Spangled Banner” by Key • January, 1815: The Battle of New Orleans, an overwhelming victory for Jackson

13. An Uncertain Victory • Fall of 1814 (before the Battle at New Orleans) Madison pursued a peace settlement • The Treaty of Ghent • No new territory for either side, no concessions from Britain, a draw

14. THE “ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS”? • Praise and Respect for Veterans After the War • A Thriving Economy • Transformations in the Workplace

15. Praise and Respect for Veterans After the War • Veterans awarded a grant of 160-acre plot between Illinois and Mississippi rivers • Military heroes into political leaders • Jackson, Harrison, Scott • Indian veterans such as Major Ridge accorded American respect • Ridge advocated for Native Americans to retain Native American lands

16. A Thriving Economy • Home manufacturing • Internal migration: Going West • New means of transportation • Stagecoaches, wagons, boats, horseback • 1807: Fulton and the steamboat • 1810: Building of roads; Cumberland Road • Business in West, the embargo, war stimulated manufacturing growth throughout the U.S.

17. Transformations in the Workplace • Production work reorganized and crafts now done by unskilled workers and overseen by supervisor • New England: mechanized textile production • Rhode Island: Lowell model • The South: textile mills

18. THE RISE OF THE COTTON PLANTATION ECONOMY • Regional Economies of the South • Black Family Life and Labor • Resistance to Slavery

19. Regional Economies of the South • Shifts in production methods and the depleted tobacco-growing soil lead to more crafts production, cultivation of wheat and corn • South Carolina: Technical advances in rice production and cotton cultivation • Louisiana Territory: Cotton and New Orleans sugar

20. Black Family Life and Labor • Increasing birth rate and strong family ties among the slaves • Newcomers adopted as relations • Large plantations had more 2-parent families than the smaller farms • The task system (rice plantations) and the gang system (cotton plantations) • Forms of labor: • Work under white supervision • Private work including tending gardens, working on living quarters • Sale or clandestine exchanges of goods

21. Resistance to Slavery • Retaining African cultural traditions • Artistic, dress, language • Intentional careless work • Theft of masters goods • Running away • Revolt • 1811: St. Charles and St. John the Baptist parishes in Louisiana. (Charles Deslondes)

22. Estimated Population of the United States: 1790-1860