Module 8: Pig Feeding Module Sub-Theme: Strategic Supplementation of Local Feed Resources

1. Module 8: Pig Feeding Module Sub-Theme: Strategic Supplementation of Local Feed Resources BeyihayogeoffreyAkiiki EVENT: TRAINING OF TRAINERS WORKSHOP LOCATION: HOTEL AFRICANA, KAMPALA DATE: 8TH TO 11THAPRIL

2. BACKGROUND AND MODULE DESCRIPTION Background • Feeding is one of the major constraints in smallholder pig production. • Crop residues and forages form the basal diet of pigs • Use of crop residues and forages reduces cost in addition to providing vitamins. • However, crop residues and forages are deficient in some nutrients and pigs are less adapted to utilize them efficiently. • Therefore, there is need of strategic supplementation at different physiological stages like suckling period, weaning, flushing and steaming

3. BACKGROUND AND MODULE DESCRIPTION Module Description & target audience • The module is designed for small holder farmers heavily depending on crop residues and forages as basal diet for their pigs. • This module is intended for use by trainers or the actual smallholder farmers. • Small holder farmers can enhance income and productivity of their pigs by strategic supplementation depending on age & physiological stage like during suckling, weaning, flushing and steaming.

4. INFORMATION TO FACILITATORS How to use the module: • Use principles of adult learning • Use participatory discussions, demonstrations, brain storming , role playing and short lectures appropriately as facilitation skills. • Have good understanding of the principles of animal nutrition especially pig nutrition. • Have knowledge of group dynamics

5. LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon Successful Completion of This Module, Participants Will Be Able To: • Describe local feed resources in relation to major nutrients they supply. • Describe pig nutrient requirements at different stages or physiological state. • Mix feed to meet required nutrient requirements • Implement strategic supplementation to enhance pig performance • Perform simple house-hold feed quality analysis

6. DELIVERY METHOD Training methods: • Plenary discussion • Brain storming during sessions • Use of lectures • Role playing • Demonstration

7. Session 1: Nutrient composition of local feed resources Introduction • Feed resources are categorised depending on their nutrient composition. • Feeds can be classified as carbohydrates (energy), proteins, vitamins, mineral sourcesand water.

8. Session 1: Nutrient composition of local feed resources Session objectives: • Upon completion of this module, participants should be able to categorise local feed resources depending on major nutrient composition.

9. Session 1: Nutrient composition of local feed resources Group Discussion • Ask participants to: Categorise feed samples according to the most abundant nutrient they supply.  Assess the category of pigs that better utilizes that feed. • Explain the importance of each nutrient. Use table below:

10. Session 1: Nutrient composition of local feed resources

11. SESSION 2: NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR PIGS Facts • To gain from pig rearing, pigs should be fed on diets that supply them with the required nutrients for better growth, lactation, litter size and fertility. • Nutrient requirements for pigs vary with age and physiological status. Case study • In a family, the mother, father, children and babies have different nutrient requirements . • Likewise, pigs have different nutrient requirements at different stages or physiological status. • Pregnant, lactating sows, baby pigs, growers and breeding males all have different nutrient requirements.

12. SESSION 2: NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR PIGS Group Activity • Ask participants to list foods recommended for babies, children, pregnant women, breast feeding mothers, and other adults . • List them on a flip chart including the major nutrients from each food listed using the table below.

13. SESSION 2: NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR PIGS Group Activity • Ask participants if they use different diets for different categories of pigs. • If yes, which category needs more nutrients. Give examples of feed used for specific categories.

14. SESSION 2: NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR PIGS Nutrient requirements of weaning, growing and fattening pigs

15. SESSION 2: NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR PIGS Depending on size and age, nutrient composition, pigs eat varying amounts of feed as estimated in the table below. • Feed intake in weanling pigs is fed ad-libitum. In other categories it is be restricted.

16. FEED FORMULATION AND MIXING Introduction • No proven best formula in terms of ingredients so far. • Ingredients are selected on the basis of price, availability and quality of nutrients. Before formulating and mixing feeds/feed • Make a list of ingredients available • Write down the nutrient composition of each ingredient • Include the price of each ingredient including the price per 1000kcal of digestible energy and price per % of crude protein. • Maximum inclusion rates

17. FORMULATING RATIONS WITH THE PEARSON SQUARE The Pearson square method is a simple procedure of balancing rations (Runs two ingridients at a time ) Important to note: • Middle value in the square must be intermediate between the two values on the left. • On the right, record the numerical value after subtracting diagonally. • Cross check always by multiplying the nutrient value of each ingredient by its respective proportions to get the required nutrient value. • It is important to work on a uniform basis (100%DM) & then convert to as is basis

18. FORMULATING RATIONS WITH THE PEARSON SQUARE Group Activity- Demonstration Formulating a 13% diet of a gestating sow using cassava leaf meal-CLM (17%CP), maize bran M. bran - (11% CP). CLM, 17% =(13-11)=2parts M.bran, 11% =(17-13)=4parts CLM = (2/6)x100= 33.3% 6 M.bran = (4/6)x100= 66.6% However, you may need to include salt (0.5kg) &vitamin-mineral premix (0.5kg) totaling 1kg. So we multiply by 99% CLM = (2/6)x99= 33% M.bran = (4/6) x99= 66%

19. FORMULATING RATIONS WITH THE PEARSON SQUARE Formulate a 13% ration for a lactating sow to include a mixture (10% CLM, 90% M.bran), fish meal (67% CP), 0.5% salt and 0.5% vitamin mineral premix. CLM = 10% of 17%CP 17% of 10= 1.7% Proportion of ingredients M.Bran = 90% of 11%CP 11% of 90= 9.9% CLM = (5.4/55.4)× 99 = 9.7% Mixture = 11.6% M.bran = (48.6/55.4) × 99 = 86.8% Fishmeal = 67% CF Fishmeal = (1.4/55.4) × 99 = 2.5% Mixture 11.6% 54parts Fishmeal 67% 1.4parts 55.4 CLM = 10% of 54 = 5.4 mixture M. Bran 90% of 54 = 48.6

20. STRATEGIC SUPPLEMENTATION Session Objectives: • Upon successful completion of this module, participants should be able to practice strategic supplementation of pigs at different stages. Delivery Method: • Class room training, group activity/discussion, samples of different feed resources. Mesage • Small holder farmers feed their pigs on crop residues and forages as the basal diet but these do not meet their nutrients. • Pigs being single stomached, they hardly digest fibre in these pastures beyond 50%. • Strategic supplementation is essential to meet the nutrient requirements of these pigs.

21. STRATEGIC SUPPLEMENTATION Digestive System of a pig Digestive system of a cow Principle: • The type of digestive system determines the feed resources best utilized by that kind of livestock. • The pig is a simple stomached animal (monogastric or non-ruminant) while cattle, goats and sheep have four chambers (polygastrict or ruminants).

22. STRATEGIC SUPPLEMENTATION DURING SUCKLING (CREEP FEED) AND WEANING Facts • Weaning is a stressful transition as piglets are physically separated from the sow in addition to switching from sow milk to solid diets. • Requires highly digestible weaner diets to minimise post-wean growth check. • Like human babies, digestive systems of baby pigs are immature and unable to efficiently digest most homemade or commercial feeds. • Creep feed and weaner diets are usually expensive given the high digestibility & nutritive value of ingredients used. • The digestive system of a baby pig is immature to digest most cereal based weaner diets. • However, malting or sprouting of cereals like maize increases nutrient availability and digestibility by piglets.

23. STRATEGIC SUPPLEMENTATION DURING SUCKLING (CREEP FEED) AND WEANING Group activity one Sprouting maize • Sprout maize for three days • Terminate germination by sun drying for four days i.e. five hours per day. • Use a hammer mill to crush malted maize using a 0.07mm sieve. • Incorporate other ingredients to get a balanced diet as shown in table below.

24. Acknowledgements This work is financed by: IFAD/EU It is implemented in a partnership with: NaLiRRI, MAAIF, NAADS, MASAKA, MUKONO & KAMULI It contributes to the CGIAR Research Program on: “Livestock and fish”