You are what you eat!!!

1. You are what you eat!!! Organic molecules

2. Section 4 vocabulary: (9 words) • organic chemistry • macromolecules, • polymers, • carbohydrates, • lipids, • protein, • amino acids, • nucleic acids, • nucleotides.

3. Why all of the C’s?? • The element carbon is found in all living things.

4. organic chemistry 166 The branch of Chemistry devoted to the study of organic compounds, those containing carbon! Almost all life is made out of the element Carbon!!

5. Crash course carbon video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnQe0xW_JY4&desktop_uri=%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DQnQe0xW_JY4&nomobile=1

6. Why carbon? • Because of its electron structure! • Draw the electron configuration for carbon.

7. Energy level

8. Where can this atom form bonds? • Energy level

9. All four sides are available to form strong covalent bonds!!! • Carbon can form straight chains or branched chains or rings. C • C O • C C C C CCCCC C C • C C • This make an unlimited number of possibilities for carbon structures.

10. MACROMOLECULES 167 • Large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together. • Contain thousands of carbons bonded with other elements. .

11. polymers, 167 • POLYMER: a large molecule formed by many smaller ones bonded together, another name for macromolecule. • Repeating units of nearly identical compounds called monomers.

12. ISOMERS • COMPOUNDS THAT HAVE THE SAME CHEMICAL FORMULA BUT DIFFERENT STRUCTURES.

13. A. Glucose, a six-membered ring monosaccharide. B. Fructose, a five-membered ring monosaccharide. C. Sucrose, a disaccharide containing glucose and fructose. D. Molecular representation of starch illustrating the alpha-glycosidic linkages joining monosaccharides to form the polysaccharide structure.

14. Monomer • Single units of small molecules. • Bond together to form POLYMERS • HYDROLYSIS: ADDITION OF A WATER MOLECULE TO BREAK A BOND • Dehydration synthesis: removal of a water molecule to bond together two units.

15. Organic molecules Crash course • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0

16. CARBOHYDRATES 168 • An organic compound that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. General formula CH2O • Types: • MONOSACCHARIDES • DISACCHARIDES • POLYSACCHARIDES

17. CARBOHYDRATES • The main function is to release and store energy for the cell.

18. monosaccharide • Glucose and fructose are examples

19. disaccharides • Sucrose = glucose and fructose bonded together

20. Lactose and maltose are also disaccharides

21. POLYSACCHARIDES • MANY MONOSACCHARIDES BONDED TOGETHER IN A POLYMER. • STARCH AND GLYCOGEN ARE EXAMPLES.

22. STARCH • Starches are many monosaccharides linked together in a single chain. These are called Polysaccharides. • Plants use this for energy storage e.g. Potatoes • Two types • Amylose - Long strait unbranched chains • Pectins - many linked short Amylose chains

23. GYLCOGEN • ANIMALS STORE FOOD ENERGY IN THIS FORM. Glycogen is a moderately branched polysaccharide Animals use this for energy storage.

24. CELLULOSE • Found in the cell walls of plants

25. Organic: contains Carbon • How many valence electrons does Carbon have? • What kind of bond?

26. Cells use Carbohydrates to store Energy and provide structural support. • Quick energy!!! • Fruits, veggies, and C:H:O -- 1:2:1 (CH20)n • grains • Similar components…different structural formulas

27. LIPIDS/FATS 169 • Lipids are macromolecules made of mostly Carbon and Hydrogen including fats, waxes & oils • Primary function is energy storage. • Energy is stored in C-H bonds. • More efficient in storing energy

28. Lipids are made of 2 parts • Glycerol - an alcohol - Serves as backbone of the molecule • 3 Fatty acids - Long hydrocarbon chains

29. Saturated fats have long chains with no double-bonds • Unsaturated fats have double bonds • Polyunsaturated fats have many double bonds • Each time a double bond is encountered, the molecule "Bends" slightly, resulting in a lower density of the lipid. This makes the molecule more likely to remain liquid at room or body temperatures.

30. 4 Major types of biologically important Lipids • Phospholipids - Important for membrane structure • Steroids - e.g.. Cholesterol & testosterone. Provide membrane support / serve as hormones • Terpenes - serve as important components of pigments • Prostaglandins - appear to act like localized hormones to induce cellular/tissue responses.

31. Lipids store energy and are a component of the cell membrane • C H O – no set ratio • Found in meat, nuts, butter • nonpolar • Store more Energy than carbs

32. Other Lipids • Cholesterol is a steroid found in the cell membrane of animal cells • Pigments – light absorbing compounds

33. Structure of Fats • Glycerol “backbone” • 3 fatty acid chains

34. Saturated Fats • Contain the maximum # of C-H bonds • Solid or almost solid at room temperature • Unhealthy fats! • Mostly animal fats

35. Unsaturated Fats • C=C, fewer C-H Bonds • Usually liquid at room temperature • More healthy fats • Mostly plant oils

36. PROTEINS, 170 • Made up of amino acids! LARGE POLYMER MADE UP OF CARBON, HYDROGEN,OXYGEN, NITROGEN AND SOMETIMES SULFUR.

37. AMINO ACIDS 170 • BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS

38. Amino acid structures

39. SOME COMMON A.A.’S Nonpolar GlycineAlanineValineLeucineIsoleucineMethioninePhenylalanineTryptophanProline

40. Polar • SerineThreonineCysteineTyrosineAsparagineGlutamine • Electrically Charged • Aspartic AcidGlutamic AcidLysineArginineHistidine

41. Peptide bonds hold amino acids together

42. PRIMARY 1ST • Primary Structure of a protein is it’s sequence of amino acids

43. SECONDARY 2ND • The Sequence (primary structure) causes parts of a protein molecule to fold into sheets or bend into helix shapes - this is a protein’s Seconda ry Structure.

44. TERTIARY 3RD • The protein then can compact and twist on itself to form a mass called it’s Tertiary Structure

45. QUATERNARY 4TH • Several Proteins then can combine and form a protein’s Quaternary Structure

46. DENATURE • BREAKS THE PEPTIDE BONDS OF THE PROTEIN AND MAKES THE STRUCTURE COME APART.

47. Types of Proteins • Collagen: most abundant--Skin, ligaments, tendons, bones • Enzyme: catalyst (increase the rate of chemical reactions) • Antibiodies: defend against infection • Hemoglobin: carries oxygen in blood

48. Nucleic acids, 171 • Complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information. • DNA and RNA are examples of nucleic acids.

49. Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids

50. DNAa double helix