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Chapter 6: Online Auctions, Virtual Communities, and Web Portals

Chapter 6: Online Auctions, Virtual Communities, and Web Portals. Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition. Objectives. In this chapter, you will learn about: Origins and key characteristics of the seven major auction types Strategies for Web auction sites and auction-related businesses

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Chapter 6: Online Auctions, Virtual Communities, and Web Portals

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  1. Chapter 6:Online Auctions, Virtual Communities, and Web Portals Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  2. Objectives In this chapter, you will learn about: • Origins and key characteristics of the seven major auction types • Strategies for Web auction sites and auction-related businesses • Virtual communities and Web portals Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  3. Auction Overview • In an auction, a seller offers an item for sale, but does not establish a price • Bidders • Potential buyers • Bids • Prices bidders are willing to pay for an item • Shill bidders • Can artificially inflate the price of an item Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  4. English Auctions • In English auctions, bidders publicly announce their successive higher bids until no higher bid is forthcoming • Open auction • Bids are publicly announced • Minimum bid • The price at which an auction begins • Reserve price • Minimum acceptable price Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  5. English Auctions (continued) • Yankee auctions • English auctions that offer multiple units of an item for sale • Disadvantages • Winning bidders tend not to bid their full private valuations • Bidders risk becoming caught up in the excitement of competitive bidding Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  6. Dutch Auctions • Dutch auctions are also called descending-price auctions • Form of open auction in which bidding starts at a high price and drops until a bidder accepts the price • Often better for the seller • Good for moving large numbers of commodity items quickly Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  7. Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  8. Other Types of Auctions • Sealed-bid auctions • Bidders submit their bids independently • Second-price sealed-bid auction • Highest bidder is awarded the item at the price bid by the second-highest bidder • Open-outcry double auctions • Buy and sell offers are shouted by traders standing in a small area on the exchange floor Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  9. Other Types of Auctions (continued) • Double auction • Buyers and sellers each submit combined price-quantity bids to an auctioneer • Reverse (seller-bid) auctions • Multiple sellers submit price bids to an auctioneer who represents a single buyer • Bids are for a given amount of a specific item that the buyer wants to purchase Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  10. Online Auctions and Related Businesses • Three categories of auction Web sites: • General consumer auctions • Specialty consumer auctions • Business-to-business auctions • Largest number of transactions occurs on general consumer auction sites Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  11. General Consumer Auctions • Most common format used on eBay • Computerized version of the English auction • eBay English auction • Allows a seller to set a reserve price • Bidders are listed • Bid amounts are not disclosed until after the auction • Allows sellers to specify that an auction be made private Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  12. Specialty Consumer Auctions • Specialized Web auction sites meet the need of special interest market segments • Specialty consumer auction sites gain an advantage by identifying a strong market segment with readily identifiable products • Golf Club Exchange, Cigarbid.com, and Winebid Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  13. Consumer Reverse Auctions and Group Purchasing Sites • Reverse bid • Buyer can accept the lowest offer or the offer that best matches the buyer’s criteria • Priceline.com • Completes many of its transactions from an inventory • Operates more as a liquidation broker Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  14. Consumer Reverse Auctions and Group Purchasing Sites (continued) • Group purchasing site • Seller posts an item with a price • As individual buyers enter bids, the site can negotiate a better price with the item’s provider • Posted price ultimately decreases as the number of bids increases Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  15. Business-to-Business Auctions • Liquidation brokers • Firms that find buyers for unusable inventory items • Online auctions • Logical extension of inventory liquidation activities to a new and more efficient channel, the Internet Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  16. Business-to-Business Auctions (continued) • Ingram Micro • Major distributor of computers and related equipment to value-added resellers • Often finds itself with outdated items that it formerly turned over to liquidation brokers • Now it auctions those items to its established customers • Auction prices it receives average about 60 percent of the items’ costs Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  17. Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  18. Business-to-Business Reverse Auctions • The U.S. Navy and the federal government’s General Services Administration are experimenting with reverse auctions • The need for trust and long-term strategic relationships with suppliers makes reverse auctions less attractive in some industries • The use of reverse auctions replaces trusting relationships with a bidding activity that pits suppliers against each other Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  19. Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  20. Auction-Related Services • Auction escrow services • An independent party that holds a buyer’s payment until the buyer receives the purchased item and is satisfied with it • Auction directory and information services • Offer guidance for new auction participants • Offer helpful hints and tips for more experienced buyers and sellers along with directories of online auction sites Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  21. Auction-Related Services (continued) • Auction software • For sellers • Software offers services that can help with or automate tasks such as image hosting • For buyers • Software observes auction progress and places a bid high enough to win the auction Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  22. Auction-Related Services (continued) • Auction consignment services • Create an online auction for an item • Handle the transaction • Remit the balance of the proceeds Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  23. Virtual Communities and Web Portals • Cellular-satellite communications technology can be packaged with: • Notebook computers • Personal digital assistants (PDAs) • Mobile phones • Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) • Allows Web pages formatted in HTML to be displayed on devices with small screens Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  24. Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  25. Virtual Communities and Web Portals (continued) • Electronic marketplaces can serve people who want to buy and sell a wide range of products and services • AvantGo • Provides PDAs with downloads of Web site contents, news, restaurant reviews, and maps Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  26. Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  27. Intelligent Software Agents • Intelligent software agents are programs that search the Web and find items for sale that meet a buyer’s specifications • Some software agents focus on a particular category of product • Simon • One of the best shopping agents currently available Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  28. Virtual Communities • A virtual community is a gathering place for people and businesses that does not have a physical existence • They exist on the Internet in various forms: • Usenet newsgroups • Chat rooms • Web sites • They offer people a way to connect with each other and discuss common issues and interests Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  29. Virtual Communities (continued) • Virtual learning community • One form of a virtual community • Virtual communities can help companies, their customers, and their suppliers plan, collaborate, and transact business • Google Answers • Gives people a place to ask questions that are answered by an expert for a fee Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  30. Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  31. Early Web Communities • The WELL ( “whole earth ’lectronic link”) • One of the first Web communities • Predates the Web • Tripod • Founded in 1995 in Massachusetts • Offered its participants free Web page space, chat rooms, news and weather updates, and health information pages Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  32. Web Community Consolidation • Virtual communities for consumers can succeed as money-making propositions if they offer something sufficiently valuable to justify a charge for membership Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  33. Revenue Models for Web Portals and Virtual Communities • Web portals are so named because the goal is to be every Web surfer’s doorway to the Web • One rough measure of stickiness is how long each user spends at the site • Nielsen//NetRatings determine site popularity by measuring the number of unique visitors Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  34. Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  35. Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  36. Revenue Models for Web Portals and Virtual Communities (continued) • Web portals • High visitor counts can yield high advertising rates • Companies that run Web portals add sticky features such as chat rooms, e-mail, and calendar functions Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  37. Mixed Revenue Portals and Virtual Communities • Time Warner’s AOL unit • One of the most successful Web portals • Charges a fee to users and has always run advertising on its site • Yahoo! • Now charges for the Internet phone service originally offered at no cost Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  38. Internal Web Portals • Run on intranets • Can save significant amounts of money by replacing the printing and distribution of paper memos, newsletters, and other correspondence • Can become a good way of creating a virtual community among employees Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  39. Summary • Companies are now using the Web to operate auction sites, create virtual communities, and serve as Web portals • Consumer online auction business is dominated by eBay • B2B auctions • Give companies a new and efficient way to dispose of excess inventory • B2B reverse auctions • Provide an effective procurement tool Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

  40. Summary (continued) • New companies have formed that capitalize on the Web’s ability to bring together geographically dispersed people and organizations • Organizations are using mobile commerce to sell goods and services to users of handheld devices • Companies are using internal Web portals to communicate with employees Electronic Commerce, Seventh Annual Edition

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