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Z ádor Dániel Kelemen Budapest University of Technology and Economics,

EuroSPI 2008, Dublin. Z ádor Dániel Kelemen Budapest University of Technology and Economics, SQI - Hungarian Software Quality Consulting Institute Supervisors: Katalin Balla Budapest University of Technology and Economics,

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Z ádor Dániel Kelemen Budapest University of Technology and Economics,

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  1. EuroSPI 2008, Dublin Zádor Dániel Kelemen Budapest University of Technology and Economics, SQI - Hungarian Software Quality Consulting Institute Supervisors: Katalin Balla Budapest University of Technology and Economics, SQI - Hungarian Software Quality Consulting Institute Jos Trienekens, Rob Kusters Technical University of Eindhoven Structure of Process-Based Quality Approaches - elements of a research developing a common meta-model for process-based quality approaches and methods

  2. Contents • Software Process Evolution • Quality assurance at Hungarian companies • A practical problem in using multiple quality approaches • A possible solution • … • Structure of Process-based Quality Approaches • Comparison of QAP elements vs. process elements • Observations • …

  3. Cugola’s Viewon Software Process Evolution • Software lifecycle models • (eg. waterfall model -idealised processes) • Methodologies • (eg. JSP, JSD - recipes, paperwork) • Formal development • (proving correctness, not scalable) • Automation • (Software Development Environments – eg. requirements specification cannot be automated) • Quality Management and Process Improvement • (ISO, CMMI - increased bureaucracy) • Process Modeling and Process Programming • (BPMN, EPCs, UML Activity diagrams , Little JIL, etc.)

  4. Situation of quality assurance(at Hungarian and multinational companies present in Hungary) • Companies want / are forced to use multiple quality approaches simultaneously • eg. ISO 9001, CMMI and ITIL in the same time. • Hundreds of quality assurance documentation pages are produced at organizational level • even more at organizational & project level

  5. A practical problem in using multiple quality approaches Problem: • Separate documentation, process descriptions exists for different quality approaches. • The separated process descriptions are not unified / harmonized. • Project managers and other workers are forced to choose between approaches. • Projects are focusing in only one way on quality. • Eg focusing on requirements management but not on the customer’s property (even if both are important for the company) • Processes built on different quality approaches include different descriptions of same areas (eg. change management or measurement). • Inconsistences, contradictions may happen

  6. A possible solution… • …could be to describe / model the needed approaches all together, in a common format • In order to do so, the following steps may be required: • Discovering possible representation / modeling solutions • Selecting the quality approaches to be modeled • Building a common meta-model (if it is needed) • Describing the quality approaches in a common format • …

  7. Cugola’s Viewon Software Process Evolution • Software lifecycle models • (eg. waterfall model -idealised processes) • Methodologies • (eg. JSP, JSD - recipes, paperwork) • Formal development • (proving correctness, not scalable) • Automation • (Software Development Environments – eg. requirements specification cannot be automated) • Quality Management and Process Improvement • (ISO, CMMI - increased bureaucracy) • Process Modeling and Process Programming • (BPMN, EPCs, UML Activity diagrams , Little JIL, etc.) Modeling quality approaches

  8. The structure of quality approaches • In order to quickly create process models, would be useful to know, what kind of elements could be converted directly from textual information to graphical representation. • Aspects considered important: • to analyse the structure of the widespread approaches, • to describe the structure of approaches analysed in a very simple and understandable format. -> • UML class diagrams are suitable for describing structures

  9. Selected approaches/based on surveys made at Hungarian companies/ The most used and “mandatory” quality approach: • ISO 9001:2000 Quality management systems – requirements Besides ISO 9001:2000, most used approaches are: • CMMI & SPICE Further, well known approaches at Hungarian companies: • ISO 9004:2000 Quality management systems – Guidelines for performance improvements • ISO/IEC 90003:2000 Software Engineering – Guidelines for the application of ISO9001:2000 to computer software • ISO/IEC 15939-2002 – “Information technology - Software measurement process” • ISO/IEC 12207-95 – “Information technology - Software life cycle process” Continuing with: • ITIL, Agile methods etc.

  10. Structure of quality approaches

  11. The structure of ISO 9001:2000 • Elements: • Chapter • Subchapter • Sub-subchapter • Requirement in (simple) sentences

  12. The structure of CMMI-DEV v1.2 • Elements: • Process area • Specific Goal • Specific Practice • Typical Work Product • Sub Practice • Generic Goal • Generic Practice • Generic Practice Elaboration

  13. The structure of ISO-IEC 12207-1995Information Technology – Software Lifecycle Processes • Elements: • Process • Process Description • Activity • Task • Option • Condition • Documentation requirement • Responsibility

  14. Elements of Process-Based Quality Approaches • Process area • Specific Goal • Specific Practice • Typical Work Product • Sub Practice • Generic Goal • Generic Practice • Generic Practice Elaboration • Process • Mission Statement • Goal • Activity • Benefit • Critical Success Factor • Key Performance Indicator • Further Specific Informative Components • Method • Practice • Value • Feature • Process • Chapter • Subchapter • Sub-subchapter • Requirement (in /simple/ sentences) • Guideline • Process • Process Description • Activity • Task • Option • Condition • Documentation requirement • Responsibility • Chapter / process activity • Subchapter /sub-activity • Sub-sub-activity • Activity description

  15. Process vs. Quality Approach Elements • Process Elements: • Purpose • Inputs • Entry criteria • Activities • Roles • Measures • Verification steps • Outputs • Exit criteria QAP Elements: Chapter Subchapter Sub-subchapter Requirement (in /simple/ sentences) Guideline Process Process Description Activity Task Option Condition Documentation requirement Responsibility Chapter / process activity Subchapter /sub-activity Sub-sub-activity Activity description Process area Specific Goal Specific Practice Typical Work Product Sub Practice Generic Goal Generic Practice Generic Practice Elaboration Process Mission Statement Goal Activity Benefit Critical Success Factor Key Performance Indicator Further Specific Informative Components Method Practice Value Feature Process

  16. Elements of Process-Based Quality Approaches • Process area • Specific Goal • Specific Practice • Typical Work Product • Sub Practice • Generic Goal • Generic Practice • Generic Practice Elaboration • Process • Mission Statement • Goal • Activity • Benefit • Critical Success Factor • Key Performance Indicator • Further Specific Informative Components • Method • Practice • Value • Feature • Process • Chapter • Subchapter • Sub-subchapter • Requirement (in /simple/ sentences) • Guideline • Process • Process Description • Activity • Task • Option • Condition • Documentation requirement • Responsibility • Chapter / process activity • Subchapter /sub-activity • Sub-sub-activity • Activity description

  17. Observations • 6 QAPs were analysed • Similar elements are present in the QAPs and processes • Process, process description, activity, process activity, activity description and task are proportional to the activity element of processes. • Documentation requirements and typical work products are proportional are similar to inputs and outputs. • ... • Element which have no similarities to process elements are also present. • Such elements are eg. benefits, critical success factors, features or key performance indicators in ITIL. • Will be difficult to convert ISO chapters, sentences...

  18. Further work need to be done • Analising the structure and content further well-known quality approaches and methods; • Analysing process modelling languages, models and methods. • Selecting the main elements to be used for the meta-model • Examining information loss during transformations. • Testing the solution in practice and refine the meta-model …

  19. This project has been supported by BME (IT)2 (BME Innovation and Knowledge Centre of Information Technology) within the frame of Peter Pázmány Programme, National Office for Research and Technology, Hungary.

  20. Required activity A possible activity Required artifact1 Possible artifact1 Required artifact2 Possible artifact2

  21. The structure of ISO 9004:2000 and 90003:2004 (Software engineering. Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:2000 to computer software) • Elements: • Chapter • Subchapter • Sub-subchapter • Guideline for ISO 9001(in simple sentences)

  22. The structure of ISO-IEC 15939-2002Software engineering. Software measurement process • Elements: • Chapter / process activity • Subchapter /sub-activity • Sub-sub-activity • Activity description

  23. Regarding the content:same problems, different views • Differences in: • approach • elements • terminology • Common: • Giving a solution for the problems faced • QAPs focuses on: • Suppliers • Customers • Configuration management • Change management • SW Life cycle • Coding • Verification • Validation • Project Management • Project tracking • Requirements life • PPQA • …

  24. Elements in Nelson’s view/ parts of processes / • Real world - things and/or phenomena interesting for actors (modelers and users) • View - understanding of the real world involved in the process (contains elements considered meaningful to the situation) • Description – Externalization of the cognitive (internal) view. Eg. verbal descriptions, transcripts, drawings. • Representation – formalized, model-based description • Understanding – user’s cognitive interpretation of the representation

  25. Elements in Nelson’s view/ parts of analysis transformation / • Theory – underlying “inspiration” • Model – “lens for the mind”, filters and shapes the world is seen • Language – grammar and vocabulary of the model

  26. Elements in Nelson’s view/ transformations / • Perception – The individual’s process of viewing and understanding of the real world within their own context • Elicitation – The process of extracting the meaningful description from an individual or a group of individuals • Analysis – The process of “filtering” the description through the theoretically-based model and language of a particular mindset • Interpretation - The process of understanding the representation, putting it back into the original context. • Implementation - The process of cycling the representation back to create new representations and interpretations. For example, creating a database implementation from an ER diagram.

  27. Defined Qualities in Nelson’s view • Quality is achieved when there is a high degree of correspondence between • the real world and the actor’s view of the real world (perceptual quality) • actor’s view and the elicited description (descriptive quality) • description and representation (semantic quality) • representation and language (syntactic quality) • representation and understanding (representation must be legible and explainable: pragmatic quality) • understanding and view (inferential quality) • Correspondence between inferences (conclusions) made from understanding the representation and those made from the view of the real world

  28. The quality approach modelling process in Nelson and Monarchi quality evaluation framework

  29. An example / Change management CMMI Change Management • CM SG 2 Track and Control Changes • Changes to the work products under configuration management are tracked and controlled. • The specific practices under this specific goal serve to maintain the baselines after they are established by the specific practices under the Establish Baselines specific goal. • SP 2.1 Track Change Requests • Track change requests for the configuration items. • SP 2.2 Control Configuration Items • Control changes to the configuration items.

  30. An example / Change management ISO 9001:2000 Change Management • 4.2.3 Control of documents • Documents required by the quality management system shall be controlled. Records are a special type of document and shall be controlled according to the requirements given in 4.2.4. • 7.3.7 Control of design and development changes • B: The changes shall be reviewed, verified and validated, as appropriate, and approved before implementation. • C: The review of design and development changes shall include evaluation of the effect of the changes on constituent parts and product already delivered. • D: Sentence Records of the results of the review of changes and any necessary actions shall be maintained (see 4.2.4). • 7.5.3 Identification and traceability • A: Where appropriate, the organization shall identify the product by suitable means throughout product realization. • C: Where traceability is a requirement, the organization shall control and record the unique identification of the product.

  31. An example / Change management ITIL Change Management • Goal : Ensure that standardized methods and procedures are used for efficient and prompt handling of all changes, in order to minimize the impact of Change-related incidents upon service quality, and consequently to improve the the day-to-day operations of the organization • Input : RFCs, CMDB, Forward Schedule of Changes(FSC) • Activities • Filtering changes • Managing changes and the change process • Chairing the CAB and CAB/EC • Reviewing and closing RFCs • Management reports

  32. A model of process-based quality approach Required activity A possible activity Required artifact1 Possible artifact1 Required artifact2 Possible artifact2

  33. Main BPMN elements • Flow Objects • Events • Activities • Gateways • Connecting Objects • Sequence Flow • Message Flow • Association • Swimlanes • Pool • Lane • Artifacts • Data Objects • Group • Annotation

  34. The example in BPM • Before modeling we need to understand the connected elements, requirements • A matrix can be built for extracting the process elements

  35. A change management process in BPMN www.itpcommerce.com

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