10 /12 阅读点题

1. 10 /12 阅读点题 TOEFL'S READING By: 罗卫

2. 10/12机经 按照重要性排列如下： • 北美剩下的新拼盘。 • 大陆套题口语1,2和独立写作。 • 北美套题（8套）。

3. 北美剩下的拼盘组合 1 • 1. 深海生物研究。 • 2. 物种丰富的生态系统能适应物种变化。

4. 北美剩下的拼盘组合 1 • 3. 美国小城干旱缺水。 • 4. 希腊的环境观。

5. 北美剩下的拼盘组合 2 • 1. 白令海峡区域。 • 2. Venus，Earth，Mars的水问题。

6. 北美剩下的拼盘组合 2 • 3. 讲fossil。

7. 套题一级重点第1套 • 1. 土壤的分层结构。 • 2. 远古时期人类，从打猎到种庄稼的演变。（intact词义）

8. 套题一级重点第2套 • 1. 墨西哥，一个古民族的发展。 • 2. 美国初期新英格兰地区的农业和经济活动。 • 3. 地球的原始生物和大气层变化。

9. 套题一级重点第3套 • 1. 夏威夷的物种变化。 • 2. D人群因全球变暖而迁徙。 • 3. 青蛙的叫声。

10. 套题一级重点第4套 • 1. Urban planning. • 考点：1. abrupt的意思.（选sudden） 2. 1890年之前，U P是不存在的，只有在1890年之后，XXXcity的出现，才有了U P. 3. Exception题. Washington D.C是特例. （原因是出现了局部的U P. 因为发展者wants to make the market better） 4. U P.的定义（economic，democracy& wasting system） 影响：人越多导致城市扩大； 人们越住越远，因为ridership increase；ticket price；

11. 套题一级重点第4套 • 2. 水流沉积问题. 考点： 1. 沉积问题是不MIX水的，因为它在水的下面go through. 2. 速度问题. 沉积不会cross the continental shelf，是在top开始，中间加速，然后在bottom of the slope 减速。 • 3. 一种猴子.

12. 套题一级重点第5套 • 1. Mass Production. • 2. 非洲大陆. • 3. 热带动物的生存环境.

13. 事实信息题 • 否定事实信息题 • 推断题

14. 1 Factual information questions（纯粹细节） • According to the paragraph, which of the following is true of X ? • The author’s description of X mentions which of the following? • According to the paragraph, X occurred because . . . • According to the paragraph, X did Y because . . . • According to the paragraph, why did X do Y?

15. 2 Negative Factual information questions（否定事实信息题） • According to the paragraph, which of the following is NOTtrue of X ? • The author’s description of X mentions which of the followingEXCEPT?

16. 3 Inference questions（推断题） 需要进一步的推理才能够得出答案 • Which of the following can be inferred about X? • The author of the passage implies that X . . . • Which of the following can be suggested about X?

17. 1. 2. 名词结构 数字 3. 4. 专有名词 大写（人，地） 定位

18. 1. 2. 10. According to paragraph 4, which of the following statements about steam engines is true? 7.What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about Cuicuilco prior to 200 B.C.? 3. 4. 5.Why does the author mention “Alexander the Great” in the passage? 2．Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about painting in Europe?

19. 长句，长短语的定位 According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832? ○The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company. ○Deer had begun populating the meadows around the fort. ○Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed. ○Crop yields in the area around the fort had decreased.

20. Paragraph 3: • The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."

21. 长句，长短语的定位 9. According to paragraph 4, what caused most invertebrate species in the Mediterranean to become extinct? ○The evaporation of chemicals necessary for their survival ○Crustal movements that connected the Mediterranean to the saltier Atlantic ○The migration of new species through the narrow straits ○Their inability to tolerate the increasing salt content of the Mediterranean

22. Paragraph 4: • 　　The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.

23. ○对谁发问，找谁 ○ 四大关键词，不是万能方法 ○ 用两个有效信息同时定位 ○ 对于题干中的X太宽泛，文中出现大段描述时， 看前三句（或前三行），行不通就选项定位

24. Vocabulary questions词汇题 • The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to • In the case of a phrase, the question might be: • In stating X, the author means that

25. Vocabulary questions词汇题 代入法 褒贬义法 构词法 注：最后要回到原文当中检验是否正确

26. 1. The word “particular” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○natural ○final ○specific ○complex Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. 代入法 考察与前后句的关系

27. 8. The word “guarantee” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○increase ○ensure ○favor ○complicate In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. 代入法 考察与前后句的关系

28. 10. The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaning to 代入句中考察词的褒贬义 褒贬义法 ○increases proportionally ○differs ○loses significance ○is common • The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount…,for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.

29. 构词法 词根词缀法 The word “dormant” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○hidden ○underground ○inactive○preserved • dorm=sleep,表示"睡眠" • dormitory n 寝室，宿舍(dorm+itory表示场所) • dormitive n 安眠的(dorm+itve)

30. Rhetorical purpose questions修辞目的题 词句修辞目的题 • The author discusses X in paragraph 2 in order to . . . • Why does the author mention X? • The author uses X as an example of . . . 段落修辞目的题 In paragraph x, the author’s primary purpose is to?

31. Rhetorical purpose questions 修辞目的题 词句 原句 前一句 段首 观 点 段落 段 首

32. 段落修辞目的题 In paragraphs 1 and 2, the author’s primary purpose is to • ○describe how petroleum is formed • ○explain why petroleum formation is a slow process • ○provide evidence that a marine environment is necessary for petroleum formation • ○show that oil commonly occurs in association with gas

33. p1: Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. p2: Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. ○ describe how petroleum is formed

34. 词句修辞目的题 1.9 In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that “A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle”?

35. 词句修辞目的题 A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. ○To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday example

36. 1. What purpose does paragraph 2 serve in the larger discussion of children’s inability to recall early experiences? • 　　　○To argue that the ones that are not substantiated by evidence should generally be considered unreliable • 　　　○To argue that the hypotheses mentioned in paragraph 2 have been more thoroughly researched than have the theories mentioned later in the passage • 　　　○To explain why some theories about infantile amnesia are wrong before presenting ones more likely to be true • 　　　○To explain why infantile amnesia is of great interest to researchers

37. How might this inability to recall early experiences be explained? The sheer passage of time does not account for it; adults have excellent recognition of pictures of people who attended high school with them 35 years earlier. Another seemingly plausible explanation--that infants do not form enduring memories at this point in development-also is incorrect. Children two and a half to three years old remember experiences that occurred in their first year, and eleven month olds remember some events a year later. Nor does the hypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repression---or holding back—of sexually charged episodes explain the phenomenon．While such repression may occur，people cannot remember ordinary events from the infant and toddler periods either. Three other explanations seem more promising.

38. 句子插入题 2.13 There food is available and accessible throughout the winter.

39. Paragraph 2: One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. █Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. █Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.   Paragraph 3: █The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. █The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal.

40. 4.13 Unless something acts to halt this migration, these natural resources will eventually reach the surface.

41. Paragraph 2: Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. █As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. █Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. █Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment. █

42. 3.13 Therefore, if the paintings were connected with hunting, some other explanation is needed.

43. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. █This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. █But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. █Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing. █

44. 句子简化题 01 4.4 Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.

45. 句子简化题 01 ○Higher temperatures and pressures promote sedimentation, which is responsible for petroleum formation. ○Deposits of sediments on top of organic matter increase the temperature of and pressure on the matter. ○Increase pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment turn the organic remains into petroleum. ○The remains of microscopic organisms transform into petroleum once they are buried under mud.

46. 句子简化题 02 2.11 In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.

47. 句子简化题 02 ○Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse. ○Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food. ○Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit. ○According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.

48. 句子简化题 03 11.6 As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean.

49. 句子简化题 03 The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting. ○The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined. ○The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas. ○As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them.

50. BYE FOR NOW 罗卫