Chapter 12 The Age of Jackson

1. Chapter 12The Age of Jackson

2. Let’s Review… Presidents… • George Washington • John Adams • Thomas Jefferson • James Madison • James Monroe

3. Election of 1824 • Who ran… • John Quincy Adams – Democratic-Republican • William Crawford • Henry Clay • Andrew Jackson – Democratic-Republican • Who won… • Jackson won popular votes BUT • Jackson had the most electoral votes, but he didn’t have enough…

4. Corrupt Bargain • Jackson had the most electoral votes and won the popular vote, but because so many people ran, no one candidate had at least half +1 electoral votes. What happens then? • House of Representatives decides election • Election of 1824 Results

5. Corrupt Bargain (conclusion) • Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, influenced the House members, so they voted for Adams • Henry Clay is then appointed as Secretary of State by President Adams…

6. Election of 1824 – 6th President • John Quincy Adams becomes the 6th President of the United States • He was a Democratic- Republican • John Adam’s son • he was disliked by most like his father

7. Election of 1828 • Jackson claimed to represent the “common man” • Jackson felt a connection with normal, everyday common people • JQ Adams felt a connection with the wealthy, privileged people • Jackson & Adams were both Democratic-Republicans BUT they represented different groups of people.

8. Split Party • Since Adams and Jackson represented different groups of people, the party split. • Adams’ supporters became known as Republicans • Jackson’s supporters became known as Democrats

9. Election of 1828 – Andrew Jackson • Jackson promised to look out for the interests of the common people. • The idea of spreading political power to all the people and ensuring majority rule became known as Jacksonian democracy. • Jackson began giving jobs to his supporters and friends – he backed the majority

10. Election of 1828 • Andrew Jackson won the election of 1828 to become the 7th President • Jackson’s humble background and reputation as a war hero helped make him President. • He was the first President who wasn’t from a rich Mass. or Virginia family. • Thousands of people came to Jackson’s inauguration, this showed Jackson’s popularity.

11. Spoils System • Jackson began his Presidency by replacing many government jobs & officials with his supporters and friends. (ordinary citizens) • The spoils systembecame known as the practice of giving government jobs to political supporters.

12. Indians in America

13. Indians in America • Since 1600, white settlers had pushed Native Americans westward as they took more and more of their land. • By the 1820s, about 100,000 Native Americans remained east of the Mississippi River. • Andrew Jackson had long supported a policy of moving Native Americans west of the Mississippi River

14. Indian Removal Act • Jackson believed the government had the right to regulate where Native Americans could live. • Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act • This required Native Americans to move west.

15. Map of Indian Removal Act Mississippi River

16. Indian Territory • As whites invaded Indian homelands, many Native Americans began signing treaties exchanging their land for land in the West. • Worcester v. Georgia – supreme court decision that forced Indians to move west. • Indian Territory – Parts of Oklahoma Native American Indians were forced to move to by Andrew Jackson and the Supreme Court.

17. Map of Indian Removal Act Indian Territory

18. Trail of Tears • Many Cherokees refused to move West. Jackson made soldiers force Cherokees into camps and made them set out on a long, hard journey to Indian Territory. • ¼ of the Indians on the journey died. • Trail of Tears – The journey of Cherokee Indians being forced off their homeland to Indian Territory

19. Trail of Tears

20. Was Jackson right? • People with racial hatred in their hearts in power always think Law and Justice is on their side. • President Andrew Jackson did not have the law on his side when he marched 4,000 Cherokee to their deaths on the Trail of Tears. • "JOHN MARSHALL HAS MADE HIS LAW NOW LET HIM ENFORCE IT", Andrew Jackson to the Supreme Court when ordered to leave the Cherokee alone.

21. Jackson and the Indians • Andrew Jackson had the greatest impact on the Indians of all Presidents before and after him

23. Tariffs • Many lands had been acquired by time Andrew Jackson became President. • Tariffs – taxes on imported goods – became an issue • Revenue tariff – used to raise money, like sales tax. These taxes are usually low. • Protective tariff – to persuade people to buy goods in their own country instead of purchasing foreign-made products. These are high taxes that protect American companies.

24. Protective tariff vs. no tariff $2.50 to produce in Britain $1.00 profit $4.90 $3.50 = = Tariff 40% + + $3.00 to produce in the U.S. $1.00 profit $4.00 $4.00 = = + Cheaper for products made in the U.S. – encourages people to buy American products

25. Tariffs • Northerners supported high tariffs because the American manufacturers sell their products at a lower price than imported goods. • Factories & manufacturers were in the North • The Southdid not support high tariffs because its economy depended on foreign trade. • They needed foreign products

26. Tariff of Abominations • Tariff of Abominations – a law passed that raised the tariffs on raw materials and manufactured goods. • Southerners were outraged • They had to sell their cotton at low prices • The state of South Carolina threatened to secede, or leave the Union (United States), because of the Tariff of Abominations. • They were upset – bad for the economy

27. Doctrine of Nullification • John Calhoun did not want S. Carolina to leave the Union so he passed the Doctrine of Nullification - • This said a state had a right to nullify, or reject, a federal law that it considers unconstitutional • Calhoun believed Congress had no right to pass a tariff that helped only 1 section of the country

28. Secession • Secession – withdrawal from the Union • South Carolina threatened to withdraw (or leave) the United States of America if the federal government tried to collect the tariffs. • WHY? S. Carolina believed the tariffs were too high.

29. Civil War Avoided? • Jackson– responded to S.C.’s threat by asking Congress for permission to collect the tariff’s by force (using the Army). • Jackson also supported a new bill to lower the tariffs; it was a compromise to end the stalemate with South Carolina. • South Carolina tried to get other states to support its position, but none did; the crisis subsided. • The Civil War almost started in 1833, instead of 1860

30. Second Bank of the U.S. • Founded in 1816, the Second Bank of the U.S. was opposed by Jackson (he called the bank, “The Monster”.) He vetoed a bill set to renew the charter of the bank in 1832, and Congress could not get the needed votes to override it. • Congress wanted the Bank’s Charter to continue, but Jackson despised it; he used the battle to get reelected in 1832 as Jackson was very popular.

31. Interpret this cartoon Which of the following best describes the artist’s attitude about Jackson? • Jackson should be King. • Jackson is a strong leader. • Jackson has vetoed too many bills. • Jackson is behaving more like a king than an elected leader.

32. Election of 1836 • Jackson served 2 terms – was very popular • Jackson’s vice-president, Martin Van Buren became the 8th President of the U.S. • A few months after Van Buren took office a panic (fear) about the economy spread. • Panic of 1837 - a widespread fear about the state of the economy

33. Depression • People took their paper money to the banks and demand gold or silver. • The banks could not pay the people • The banks went bankrupt. • Depression – severe economic slump • Van Buren’s Presidency marked by depression; was not marked with man advances or achievements.

34. President Review • George Washington • John Adams • Thomas Jefferson • James Madison • James Monroe • John Quincy Adams • Andrew Jackson • Martin Van Buren

35. Election of 1840 • Henry Clay and Daniel Webster argued that the government needed to help the economy • Van Buren disagreed – would not help • Many Americans blamed Martin Van Buren for the Panic • Clay, Webster, and Jackson opponents formed the Whig Party for the election of 1840

36. Election of 1840 • The Whig Party was named after a British Party & they did not support A. Jackson • The Whigs opposed all the power the chief executive (the President) has • The Whigs chose William Henry Harrison for President and John Tyler for Vice President • Harrison was a war hero

37. Harrison dies in office • William Henry Harrison became the 9th President of the United States • Died of pneumonia one month after being inaugurated • John Tyler, Harrison’s Vice President, took Harrison’s place after he died – becoming the 10th President of the United States.

38. Let’s Review… Presidents… • George Washington • John Adams • Thomas Jefferson • James Madison • James Monroe • John Quincy Adams • Andrew Jackson • Martin Van Buren • William Henry Harrison • John Tyler