The Pigment That Controls Growth and Flowering In Many Plants

1. phytochrome. The Pigment That Controls Growth and Flowering In Many Plants

2. What Is Phytochrome ? • Phytochrome is a pigment found in some plant cells that has been proven to control plant development. • This pigment has two forms or “phases” in can exist in. P-red light sensitive (Pr) and P –far red light sensitive (Pfr) forms. • The actual plant response is very specific to each specie, and some plants do not respond at all.

3. Which Wavelengths Are Photoperiodic? • The length of the night period plays a major role in determining which wavelength will be effective, as the phytochrome pigment tends to revert to Pr during long periods of darkness. • Thus the length of exposure to light in a building, or if outdoors, the seasonal light changes, affect how long the plants perceives each form of phytochrome. R FR

4. Photoperiodic Response: It’s all about Preferences! Long Day Plants flower when there is a prolonged larger pool of Pfr Short Day Plants flower when there is prolonged larger pool of Pr

5. phytochrome. 660 nm 740 nm Red Light Pr Pfr (Fast) Far Red Light Synthesis Destruction Dark Reversion (Slow) Vegetative (Non-Flowering) Reproductive (Flowering)

6. Mid-Summer Sunlight phytochrome. 660 nm 740 nm Red Light Pr Pfr (Fast) Far Red Light Synthesis Destruction Dark Reversion (Slow) Vegetative (Non-Flowering) Reproductive (Flowering) Long-Day Plants Need/Sense Low Pr to Bloom!

7. phytochrome. Long Night 660 nm 740 nm Red Light Pr Pfr (Fast) Far Red Light Synthesis Destruction Dark Reversion (Slow) Vegetative (Non-Flowering) Reproductive (Flowering) Long-Day Plants Sense/Need Low Pr!

8. Sunset or Far Red Light phytochrome. 660 nm 740 nm Red Light Pr Pfr (Fast) Far Red Light Synthesis Destruction Dark Reversion (Slow) Vegetative (Non-Flowering) Reproductive (Flowering) Long-Day Plants Sense/Need Low Pr!

9. Mid-Summer Sunlight phytochrome. 660 nm 740 nm Red Light Pr Pfr (Fast) Far Red Light Synthesis Destruction Dark Reversion Reproductive (Flowering) (Slow) Vegetative (Non-Flowering) Short-Day Plant Sense/Need Low Pfr to Bloom!

10. Winter Far Red Light phytochrome. 660 nm 740 nm Red Light Pr Pfr (Fast) Far Red Light Synthesis Destruction Dark Reversion Reproductive (Flowering) (Slow) Vegetative (Non-Flowering) Short-Day Plant Need Low Pfr!

11. Long Night phytochrome. 660 nm 740 nm Red Light Pr Pfr (Fast) Far Red Light Synthesis Destruction Dark Reversion (Slow) Vegetative (Non-Flowering) Reproductive (Flowering) Short-Day Plants Need Low Pfr!

12. phytochrome. Black Cloth 660 nm 740 nm Red Light Pr Pfr (Fast) Far Red Light Synthesis Destruction Dark Reversion (Slow) Vegetative (Non-Flowering) Reproductive (Flowering) Short-Day Plants Need Low Pfr!

13. Night Break phytochrome. 660 nm 740 nm Red Light Pr Pfr (Fast) Far Red Light Synthesis Destruction Dark Reversion (Slow) Vegetative (Non-Flowering) Reproductive (Flowering) Night lighting disrupts reversion to Pr and maintains vegetative status by keeping Pfr relatively high in short day plants!

14. phytochrome. 660 nm 740 nm Red Light Pr Pfr (Fast) Far Red Light Synthesis Destruction Dark Reversion (Slow) Vegetative (Non-Flowering) Reproductive (Flowering) Synthesis and Reversion Help Tell Time

15. The Elegance of Photoperiod 660 nm Plants not only can differentiate Wavelength They can sense pigment ratios and duration of darkness!!! 740 nm Max PFR Ratio Of Forms Duration of Darkness Max PR 10 hours 14 hours Impressive! Day Night

16. Long Night phytochrome. 660 nm 740 nm Red Light Pr Pfr (Fast) Far Red Light Synthesis Destruction Dark Reversion (Slow) Vegetative (Non-Flowering) Reproductive (Flowering) Short-Day Plants Need Low Pfr!

17. Short Days = Long Nights = maximum PFr conversion ! The plant senses a high Pr Pool Max conversion to PFr Form Sunset Max PFr Day Day Slow Decline 10 hours 10 hours 14 hours Max Pr Long Night Sunrise Max reversion to Pr Form

18. Fall Extended Far Red Light phytochrome. 660 nm 740 nm Red Light Pr Pfr (Fast) Far Red Light Synthesis Destruction Dark Reversion (Slow) Vegetative (Non-Flowering) Reproductive (Flowering) Long-Day plants need to sense Low Pr! The increased far red light increases the Pr pool, causing the plants to go vegetative!

19. Long Days = Short nights which interrupts PFr conversion The plant senses a reduced Pr pool Max conversion to PFr Form Max conversion to PFr Form Sunset Max PFr 16 hour Day 16 Hour Day Partial Conversion to Pr Form = low Pr pool Partial Conversion to Pr Form = low Pr pool Slow Decline 8 Hours Max Pr Short Night Sunrise Sunrise

20. Types Of Photoperiodic Response Whereas many plants are photoperiodic, they do not all respond the same way. There are 10 distinct types, with many sub-responses to temperature within many of the groups. Short Day Plants – Single Cycle……….Rice Requires only one short day cycle to initiate the photoperiodic response. Long Day Plants – Single Cycle………….Dill Requires only one long day cycle to initiate the photoperiodic response. Day Neutral Plants………………………………Cucumber Flower the same time under all day-lengths, least photoperiodic response. Ambiphotoperiodic Plants………………….Setaria These plants are inhibited by intermediate (Equinox) day-lengths. Short then Long Day Plants………………….Clover These plants are inhibited by intermediate (Equinox) day-lengths.

21. Types Of Photoperiodic Response Qualitative Long Day Plants………………Hibiscus Must have constant long days to initiate the photoperiodic response. Quantitative Long Day Plants…………..FoxGlove Requires a certain # of hours of LD’s to initiate the photoperiodic response. Qualitative Short Day Plants……….…..Poinsettia Must have constant short days to initiate the photoperiodic response. Quantitative Short Day Plants………..Chrysanthemum Requires a certain # of SD’s to initiate the photoperiodic response. Intermediate Day Plants……………………Sugar Cane Plants flower when days are neither too long or too short. (Equinox)

22. The Phytochrome System Works Within The Apical Meristem Photoperiodicresponses are triggered in the meristem (both apical and axillary), long before the new branches develop. We can control development !

23. Photoperiodic shade cloth Light penetration through the shade cloth should not be more than 2 fc in order to prevent delay in flowering and/or disfigured flowers.

24. To lengthen the night, plants are covered with a blackout shade cloth. Applied in late afternoon and removed in the morning (5 pm to 8 am)

26. SUPPLEMENTAL LIGHTING • Light sources. • incandescent lamps emit large amounts of red light and are good for lighting mums (standard mum lighting) • mums flower when the day length decreases to 13.5 hrs or less • whenever the day length is longer than 14.5 hrs plants remain vegetative • split each long night in two short nights with supplemental light to prevent flowering

27. DAILY DURATIONOF LIGHT • The length of day has an effect on two plant processes • time of flowering • plant maturity • This light-induced response is called photoperiodism, and plants that flower under only certain day-length conditions are called photoperiodic.

28. Questions?