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DNA TECHNOLOGY. HGP – Human Genome Project. International study to determine: ~25,000 genes Sequence of 3 billion nitrogen bases (A,T,C,G’s) Create & improve methods of analyzing DNA Address ethical, legal & social issues . RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM (RFLP).
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HGP – Human Genome Project • International study to determine: • ~25,000 genes • Sequence of 3 billion nitrogen bases (A,T,C,G’s) • Create & improve methods of analyzing DNA • Address ethical, legal & social issues
RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM (RFLP) • Technique used to isolate sections of DNA • 1st used in DNA profiling, also used in paternity tests, genome maps & disease locators. • DNA is broken up (restriction enzyme) & sorted by size using gel electrophoresis
RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM • Results then transferred to membrane (Southern Blot) • DNA probes are then attached to each broken segment to determine actual nucleotide sequence
RFLP SNP’s • Issues: • Requires large #of DNA samples • Long, complicated process • Replaced RFLP for SNP Single Nucleotide Polymorphism • Most common form of genetic variation btw people • Occurs 1 in every 300 bases • 99% of genetic code is same.
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) • Method used to produce millions of copies of a small sample of DNA in approx. 2 hours. • Denature DNA & force replication to occur. • Process is repeated thru multiple cycles to produce millions of copies.
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) • Taq polymerase • Extracted from bacteria live in hot springs • Process: • Denaturing (break open) • Annealing (primers or synthetic DNA strands attach) • Extension (enzyme initiates replication)
STEM CELLS • Early embryonic cells that have yet to differentiate (specialize) • Cloning • Disease research & treatment • Creation of genetically modified products/organisms
GENETIC ENGINEERING • Manipulating genetic material • Genetic Modifications • Changes to an organism DNA • Transgenic Modifications • Combining DNA from 2 separate organisms • Cross-breeding • Unnatural breeding of organisms
CROSS-BREEDING • Beefalo • Cross between domestic cattle & American buffalo • Buffalo are larger, heartier animals that require less care • Retain the flavor of beef • 3/8 bison • 5/8 bovine • Fertile offspring
GENETIC MODIFICATION • Arctic Apple • Turn off the gene that controls the enzyme polyphenoloxidase • Prevent browning of apples
TRANSGENIC MODIFICATIONS • Golden Rice • Splice genes from daffodils into the genome of white rice • Increase the vitamin A content of the rice