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Parenthetical Citation:

Parenthetical Citation:. At the end of sections, in which you borrow someone else’s ideas, words, etc., include a reference to that person’s work in parentheses.

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Parenthetical Citation:

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  1. Parenthetical Citation: At the end of sections, in which you borrow someone else’s ideas, words, etc., include a reference to that person’s work in parentheses. MLA Ex/ “In short, some of the productivity revival was inherently transitory while much of it relied on a 40 percent growth rate of computer investment that could not be and has not been sustained” (Gordon 32). APA Ex/ “In short, some of the productivity revival was inherently transitory while much of it relied on a 40 percent growth rate of computer investment that could not be and has not been sustained” (Gordon 2001, p. 32).

  2. Things to Note: MLA parenthetical citations typically include the author’s last name and the page number(s) without any punctuation. APA parenthetical citations include the author’s last name and the date of publication, a comma, and the page numbers following a “p.”: (Gordon 2001, p. 32) In MLA citation, if you have more than one author, list the last name of the first author and the Latin phrase “et al” (meaning “and others”): (Gordon et al 5). In APA citation, if you have more than one author, list the last names of everyone involved, connected by an ampersand: (Gordon, Jeffreys, & Wieden 2001, p. 23).

  3. Additional Things to Note: 5. In MLA style, if you have more than one book cited by an author, list the last name, an abbreviated title of the work and the page number: (Bedbury A New Brand World 5). 6. In MLA style, if you don’t know the author’s last name, list the title of the work and the page number: (A New Brand World 5). 7. Put the period on the outside of the parentheses. 8. Include citations for quotes, borrowed ideas and facts— anything not explicitly yours.

  4. Additional Things to Note: In MLA style, if you are referencing several pages in a text, include the range in your citation: Michael Gordon gives several reasons why the 1995-2000 productivity growth is not sustainable today (34-7). In APA style, if you are referencing several pages in a text, include the range in your citation after a “pp.”: M. Gordon (2001) gives several reasons why the 1995-2000 productivity growth is not sustainable today (pp. 34-7). In MLA style, if you mention the author’s name in the sentence or the paragraph that includes your reference, there is no need to include it in the citation—see above. In APA style, if you mention the author’s name in the text, abbreviate the first name to an initial, and follow it with a date of publication—see above.

  5. Additional Things to Note: If, in the space of one paragraph or several sentences, you refer to the same page several times, only include one reference at the end. Do not clutter your work with unnecessary parenthetical references at the end of every sentence.

  6. What is a Works-Cited Page? Any text that includes parenthetical citations must also include a works-cited page. Here, you give full information about the sources consulted so that your reader can easily find them if she so chooses. NOTE: This is not a bibliography. A bibliography points to works that may or may not be cited in a given composition but might be interesting to an audience that wants to learn more about a given subject. A works-cited section only lists the materials consulted, and it lists all materials directly cited in the preceding text.

  7. How to Build a Works-Cited Page, MLA: At the top of your works-cited page, include the words “Works Cited” Format each citation by MLA guidelines: Ex/ Bedbury, Scott. A New Brand World: 8 Principles for Achieving Brand Leadership. New York: Viking, 2002. Davis, Peter. “Travels with Izzi.” The Nation 18/25 August 2003, 5-7. Book Magazine article

  8. How to Build a Works-Cited Page, APA: At the top of your works-cited page, include the words “Works Cited” Format each citation by APA guidelines: Ex/ Bedbury, S. (2001) A new brand world: 8 principles for achieving brand leadership. New York: Viking Davis, P. (2003, August). Travels with Izzi. The Nation, 5-7. Book Magazine article

  9. Citation Guidelines: You can find format guidelines for different sources in any MLA or APA stylebook or online at: http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/hairston_awl/chapter4/deluxe.html In MLA and APA styles, arrange your citations alphabetically.

  10. Example of a Works-Cited Page, MLA:

  11. Example of a Works-Cited Page, APA

  12. Citation is a Rhetorical Process: Citation is a manner of communication and in many respects persuasion, so its uses should be determined by the effect an author wants to have on an audience in a given situation. When asking questions about when and what to cite, you must ask questions about your audience, their context, their knowledge, interests, desires, etc.

  13. The Rhetoric of Academic Citation: In your college classes, you will be citing for a particular audience: your instructors. This requires you to think about their interests and concerns. Interests: (1) Want to see that you’ve done adequate research. (2) Want to see that you’re following the rules of academic writing, which they should be teaching you. Concerns: (1) Plagiarism. (2) Proper and adequate work on a given project.

  14. The Rhetoric of Citation Among Journalists: Journalists and writing to an audience not terribly concerned with plagiarism or with seeing substantial research documented in an formal system. Interests: (1) Interested in learning the material presented. (2) Interested, perhaps, in locating a key book or report discussed (e.g. in book-review columns). Concerns: (1) Concerned about the matter presented, not the background research done. (2) Concerned about being able to quickly get the information presented.

  15. General Advice about Quoting: Quote sparingly. Direct quotes should only be used when you are unable to express an idea differently yourself. If possible, paraphrase (but still cite your source). Introduce your quotes. Your reader should be able to know, while reading any quote, who said it, when, where, in what context, etc. Interpret your quotes. Your reader will have trouble understanding why you’ve imported a given quote if you don’t explain its relevance. Give some information about why this particular quote relates to what you’re trying to do in your own argument.

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