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Vietnam

Vietnam. French Indochina. Vietnam Laos Cambodia Colony of France since The 1800’s. Ho Chi Minh. 1890-1969 In his 20’s, he traveled to the US and England At Versailles Conference, he petitioned for independence for Vietnam, but was ignored

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Vietnam

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  1. Vietnam

  2. French Indochina • Vietnam • Laos • Cambodia • Colony of France since The 1800’s

  3. Ho Chi Minh • 1890-1969 • In his 20’s, he traveled to the US and England • At Versailles Conference, he petitioned for independence for Vietnam, but was ignored • Becomes a Communist and travels to USSR and China • Returns to Vietnam in 1941

  4. Ho and the Viet Minh • Viet Minh are a guerilla force led by Ho • Fight the French for independence • Japan invades French Indochina • Viet Minh fight the Japanese • US supports Ho Chi Minh • Common Enemy • After WW II French regain power • Ho demands independence

  5. French Indochina War • 1946-1954 War against French for Independence • French • Emperor Bao Dai VS • Viet Minh • Ho Chi Minh • Vo Nguyen Giap • Communists strength is in North and villages • Nationalists control Southern cities

  6. 1946-1954 What else was happening? • Containment • Chinese Civil War • Soviets get the A Bomb • China goes Commie • Korean War

  7. French Indochina War • Guerilla War • US supports French and Nationalist side • Truman • Eisenhower • “Domino Theory” • By the end US is paying 90% of the War!

  8. Dien Bien Phu • French surrounded at Dien Bien Phu • General Giap is superior to French leader • 56 day siege • French ask for direct US help • Want US to use nukes • Nixon supports idea • Ike doesn’t • French surrender • 8000 POWs

  9. Geneva Accords - 1954 • Vietnam divided at 17th parallel • Supposed to be temporary • Plan for “free elections” • French leave • North - Communist • Ho Chi Minh • Hanoi • South – Backed by US • Bao Dai • Saigon • US does not sign agreement

  10. SEATO - 1954 • Southeast Asia Treaty Organization • NATO for SE Asia • To protect South Korea and South Vietnam • USA • UK • France • Australia • Taiwan • Thailand. Etc.

  11. Results of Division • 1955 – Ngo Dinh Diem elected in the South • Rigged election to replace Bao Dai • More people voted in Saigon than lived there • Viet Cong (National Liberation Front) • Guerilla force (insurgents) • Opposed to Diem • Operates in South, supported by the North • 1956 Election to reunify Vietnam cancelled by Diem • Temporary divide becomes permanent

  12. North Vietnam • Leader – Ho Chi Minh • Capital – Hanoi • Military – NVA (North Vietnamese Army) • Formerly the Viet Minh • Viet Cong (live in South but fight for North) • Backed by Communists (USSR, China)

  13. South Vietnam • Leader – Ngo Dinh Diem • Capital – Saigon • Military – ARVN (Army of the Republic of Vietnam) • Backed by the United States • With military advisors

  14. US Soldiers In Vietnam • 1960 – 900 • 1961 – 3,200 • 1962 – 11,500 • 1963 – 16,300 • 1964 – 23,300 • 1965 – 184,300 • 1966 – 425,300 • 1967 – 485,600 • 1968 – 536,100

  15. Vietnam under Diem • Corrupt • Brother Ngo DinhNhu was head of the secret police • 1st Lady Madam Nhu was very unpopular • Discriminated against Buddhists • Buddhist monks protest by using self-immolation

  16. US Early Strategy • Win their “Hearts and Minds” • “Strategic Hamlet Program” • Increase number of “advisors” • Create the Green Beret

  17. Overthrow of Diem • Nov. 2, 1963 – Diem overthrown by S. Vietnamese military • Believed US approved • Diem and Nhu assassinated • South Vietnam will be ruled by a succession of Generals

  18. Gulf of Tonkin Incident • Aug 2, 1964 - USS Maddox attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin • Aug 4, 1964 – • USS Maddox and • USS Turner Joy • report that they • are attacked again • Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara recommends US attack N Vietnam

  19. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Aug 5, 1964 – US launches air strikes • Aug 7, 1964 – Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution giving LBJ permission to use military force in Vietnam • Passed House 416-0 • Senate 98-2 • Official reason for fighting the Vietnam War

  20. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Problem? • 2nd incident never happened, we weren’t attacked • LBJ later said, “For all I know, our Navy might have been shooting at whales out there.” • Over 58,000 Americans will die in the Vietnam War

  21. Battle of the IaDrang Valley • Nov 1965 – 7th Air Cavalry • Col. Hal Moore • Rick Rescorla • 1st use of Helicopters • US reliance on firepower • US loses 234 • NVA loses 2000 • Considered a US Victory • Determines tactics for the war

  22. US Tactics • Sec of Defense – Robert McNamara • General William Westmoreland • War of Attrition • Kill enough of them and they will give up • Body Counts • Search and Destroy Missions • B-52s • Napalm • Agent Orange • Free Fire Zones

  23. NVA/VC Tactics • Guerilla warfare • Using native material • Bamboo • Vines • Tunnels • Ho Chi Minh Trail • Not 1 trail but a supply network • War of Attrition • Kill enough Americans to make them leave

  24. The Draft • 18-26 yr olds • Mostly 18-20 • Most men of draft age never serve • Lottery • Exemptions • Conscientious Objectors • Muhammad Ali • Deferments • College • Draft Dodgers • 1977 Amnesty – Jimmy Caret

  25. Anti-war Protests • College enrollment doubles in the 60’s • SDS – Students for a Democratic Society • Tom Hayden • Vietnam Veterans Against the War • Dr. Spock • Dr. King • Sen. William Fulbright • Columbia University • Draft evasion increases

  26. Tet Offensive – Jan 1968 • VC attack major cities and US bases • Saigon • Hue • KheSanh • Military defeat for VC – over 40,000 killed • Moral defeat for US • Before Tet: Hawks 62% - Doves 22% • After Tet: Hawks 41% - Doves 42% • TURNING POINT OF VIETNAM WAR

  27. Election of 1968 - Democrats • Lyndon Johnson • “Hey, hey LBJ how many kids did you kill today?” • Sen. Eugene McCarthy • Antiwar • Sen. Robert Kennedy • Antiwar • LBJ drops out of the race • VP Hubert Humphrey runs

  28. Election of 1968 • Republican – Richard Nixon • “Law and Order” • Independent – George Wallace • “Segregation Now, Segregation Tomorrow, Segregation Forever

  29. Dr. King Assassinated • Apr 4 – Dr. King assassinated in Memphis • Most major US cities erupt in riots • James Earl Ray • Arrested 2 months later in England

  30. Bobby Kennedy Assassinated • June 6 – Bobby Kennedy assassinated in Los Angeles • Had just won the California Primary • SirhanSirhan • Killed RFK because of his support of Israel

  31. Chicago Democratic Convention • Because of RFK’s death there was no clear candidate • Hippie antiwar protests • Mayor Richard Daily • Police Riot • Chicago 7 • Humphrey wins nomination

  32. Presidential Election • R – Richard Nixon 43.4% 301 Electoral Votes • D- Hubert Humphrey 42.7% 191 • I – George Wallace 13.5% 46

  33. Media Coverage of Vietnam

  34. My Lai Massacre • Happened March 1968, reported Nov 1969 • US soldiers murdered 350 civilians • Military covered it up • Finally reported by Seymour Hersh • Lt. William Calley convicted of ordering the killing • Sentenced to life in prison • Released after 4 months

  35. Vietnamization • Nixon’s plan to turn over control to the S. Vietnamese • Gradually pull US troops out • Increased bombing • May 1970 US invades Cambodia • Attack the Ho Chi Minh Trail • By 1972 US had pulled over 400,000 troops out of Vietnam

  36. Kent State – May 4, 1970 • Apr 30 - Nixon announces invasion of Cambodia • May 1 - Antiwar protest on campus • Friday night – vandalism downtown • Police shut down bars • May 2 – Mayor declares state of emergency • Gov. James Rhodes sends in the National Guard • Students burn down ROTC building • Students bayoneted by Guard • May 3 – Larger protest held • Guard tear gasses and bayonets students

  37. Kent State – May 4, 1970 • College has classes • Over 2000 protesters gather at noon on “The Commons” • Guard orders them to disperse • Tear gas • March up hill with bayonets

  38. Kent State – May 4, 1970 • Guard gather on practice field • Kneel and point rifles at students • Regroup and march back up the hill • Most protesters think it’s over

  39. Kent State – May 4, 1970 • At the top of the hill, by the Pagoda • Guard turns and opens fire!

  40. Kent State – May 4, 1970 • 4 Students killed, 9 wounded • 2 students killed and 12 wounded the next week at Jackson State in Miss. • End of College for 1970

  41. Pentagon Papers • Top secret history of Vietnam War compiled by Defense Department • Detailed lies about the war • 1971 – Leaked to the NY Times by Daniel Ellsberg • Nixon tried to stop the NY Times from publishing • NY Times v U.S. – 6-3 ruling for publishing • 1st Amendment • “The Plumbers” break into Ellsberg’s psychiatrist's office

  42. Peace • Paris Peace Talks began in 1968 • US negotiator Henry Kissinger • Le DucTho – N. Vietnam • Nguyen Van Thieu – S. Vietnam • Cease Fire announced just before 1972 election • Kissinger “Peace is at hand” • Agreement falls apart • US bombs Hanoi – “Christmas Bombing” • Cease fire signed Jan 21, 1973 • US withdraws combat troops

  43. POWs • US listed 1350 Americans as POWs • At the end of the war 591 were returned • Some had spent 8 years as prisoners

  44. Fall of Saigon Apr 1975 • War continues for 2 years after US withdrawal • US evacuates orphans and over 100,000 South Vietnamese that had helped us • Many more left behind • Saigon is captured in April 1975 • Now called Ho Chi Minh City

  45. Results of the Vietnam War • Over 3 million Vietnamese died • Over 58,000 Americans died • Over 300,000 Americans wounded • Cost more than $150 Billion • Vietnam became Communist anyway • US resumed diplomatic relations with Vietnam in the 1990s • Americans are still divided in their opinions over the Vietnam War

  46. Vietnam Veterans • Over 2.5 million Americans served in the Vietnam War • The served tours of 1 year • Many suffer from PTSD • Post Traumatic Stress Disorder • The were treated different when they can home than veterans of previous wars, by protesters and veterans alike

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