The End of the Progressive Era

1. Karen Valentin Stephanie Velarde Francesca Velarde The End of the Progressive Era

2. William Howard Taft • Roosevelt decided not to run in 1908 • Chose Taft as successor • 27th president (1909-1913) • Liberal Republican

3. Few Months after Taking Office… • The Payne-Aldrich Tariff • Payne Bill: Lowered rates on imported and manufactured goods • Aldrich Tariff: Increased tariffs • Taft signed the Payne-Aldrich Compromise: Reduced rates but at the same time kept them high enough for proponents of lowering tariffs to complain

4. During his Term • Richard A. Ballinger • Gave some land Roosevelt placed in forest reserves to public domain • Gifford Pinchot • Accused Ballinger of colluding with business interests and unsupportive of environmental good • Taft fired Pinchot in 1910

5. During his Term • Persuade antitrust policy • 1911: Wanted Supreme Court to declare Standard Oil Company in violation of Sherman Antitrust Act • Break up into separate companies • Rule of reason • Big business were not antitrust violators unless engaged in policies that got rid of competition

6. During his Term • Supported 16th amendment • Congress could enact a graduated income tax • The countries power, responsibilities, and expenditures where increasing • Graduated income tax provided a secure source of money

7. During his Term • Allowed the direct election of Senators • Interstate Commerce Commission: • Successfully set railroad rates • Few paid attention to this or the 80 antitrust suits his administration initiated. • Chief Justice of the United States

8. Election of 1912 • Candidates • William Howard Taft • Republican Party • Theodore Roosevelt • Progressive Party • Woodrow Wilson • Democratic Party • Eugene Debs • Socialist Party http://library.duke.edu/exhibits/sevenelections/elections/1912/

9. Theodore Roosevelt’s Challenge • He challenged Taft for the Republican nomination • Defenders • Taft betrayed the progressive platform • Roosevelt was pressured • He believed that he could do a better job • Critics • They thought he had a huge ego • “Back stabbed” his friend • Roosevelt was defeated

10. Candidate’s Platforms Theodore Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson • New Nationalism policies • A broad plan of social reform for America • Wanted to preserve trusts but regulate them • Campaigned on behalf of women’s suffrage • Supported tariffs • Minimum wage • Worker’s compensation act • Child labor law • Proposed the elimination of trusts • Believed each state should decide on the issue of women suffrage • Criticized tariffs http://millercenter.org/president/taft/essays/biography/3 http://library.duke.edu/exhibits/sevenelections/elections/1912/issues.html

11. Candidate’s Platforms Eugene V. Debs William Taft • Few supported him • Abolish the “capitalistic system” • Defended the Sherman Anti-Trust Act • Opposed • Child labor laws • Labor unions • Women suffrage • Wanted to dismantle the national park system

12. How it all played out • Taft and Roosevelt were both trying to gain the Republican Party’s votes • Wilson won • Republican votes were split in half http://library.duke.edu/exhibits/sevenelections/elections/1912/winner.html

13. Woodrow Wilson • Born in Virginia December 28, 1856 • Nominated as president in 1912 at democratic convention • 28th President • Term: 1913-1921

14. During his Term • Neutral first three years of WWI (1913-1916) • Said America could not remain neutral in the WW1 • April, 2 1917 asked congress for a declaration of war on Germany • Led America through WWI (1916-1919) • Hoped that participation in war would broker a peace treaty and end war forever

15. During his Term • Campaigned on a program called New Freedom (1912) • New Freedom: stressed individualism and states' rights • Established an office near congress so he could meet with the members to talk about pending legislation

16. During his Term • Underwood Tariff Act (1913) • Reduced Tariff • Created a graduated income tax

17. During his Term • Federal Reserve System (1913): • Dealt with 12 regional banks and the board governors • Federal Trade Commission (1914): • Prohibit unfair business practices • Established 1914 by antitrust legislation

18. During his Term • Clayton Antitrust act (1914): prohibits direct or indirect interference with trade • Adamson Act (1916): 8 hr workday on railroads

19. During his Term • 1st pres. to constantly have press conferences to influence public opinion • Dealt with progressivism and made his own version since Democrats were in control of congress

20. Citations • Terrell, E.T. History of US Income Tax. Retrieved November 10, 2013 , from http://www.loc.gov/rr/business/hottopic/irs_history.html • Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act. Retrieved November 10, 2013 , from http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Payne-Aldrich_Tariff_Act.html • William Howard Taft. Retrieved November 10, 2013 , from http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamhowardtaf

21. Citations • About Woodrow Wilson. Retrieved November 10, 2013 , from http://www.wilsoncenter.org/about-woodrow-wilson • (1996) Woodrow Wilson. Retrieved November 10, 2013 , from http://www.history.com/topics/woodrow-wilson • (2006) Woodrow Wilson. Retrieved November 10, 2013 , from http://m.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/woodrowwilson