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Elements of Style. Enclose parenthetic expressions between commas (continued). Clauses always to be regarded as parenthetic include the following: 1) The year, when forming part of a date, and the day of the month, when following the day of the week. Eg . April 6, 2010.
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Elements of Style • Enclose parenthetic expressions between commas (continued). Clauses always to be regarded as parenthetic include the following: 1) The year, when forming part of a date, and the day of the month, when following the day of the week. Eg. April 6, 2010. Monday, November 11, 1918. 2) The abbreviations etc. and jr. 3) Non-restrictive relative clauses. These are clauses that do not identify or define the antecedent noun. This also includes similar clauses introduced by conjunctions that identify time or place. Eg. The audience, which had at first been indifferent, became more and more interested.
Elements of Style Cont. The audience, which had at first been indifferent, became more and more interested. Think: Can you rewrite this as two separate sentences? The audience had at first been indifferent. It became more and more interested. If so, then which had at first been indifferent is non-restrictive and should be enclosed with commas. Also, if the clause does not identify which audience it’s talking about but only gives you extra info, then it’s non-restrictive.
Elements of Style Cont. Compare the restrictive relative clause with this sentence: The candidate who best meets these requirements will obtain the place. Can we write it out as two separate sentences? Does it tell you specifically which candidate we’re talking about?
You Try It! • On Friday January 28 2011 we will be in English class.A. Comma after 2011 B. Comma after 28C. Comma after Friday D. All of the above. • Reginald Hurt Jr. attends Salem High School.A. Comma after Hurt. B. Comma after Jr.C. Comma after Hurt and Jr. D. No commas. • The day will come when you will admit your mistake.A. No commas. B. Comma after when and admit. • Nether Stowey where Coleridge wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a few miles from Bridgewater.A. No commas. B. Comma after Stowey and Mariner. • John Darius who struggled with staying attentive last semester showed an incredible amount of improvement during Spring.A. No commas. B. Comma after Darius and semester.
Irony • What is it? • Irony is the tension that occurs when what happens doesn’t quite line up with what is expected.
Irony: Three types • Dramatic Irony • Verbal Irony • Situational Irony
Dramatic Irony: • The audience knows something that the character does not. • Disparity between actor and observer. • Example 1: Horror movies. • Example 2: A teacher walks up behind a student who is mocking that teacher in front of the class.
Verbal Irony: • When you say one thing and mean something else. • Disparity between expression and intention. • Sarcasm uses verbal irony. • “As cold and bitter as a hot cup of chocolate.” • “As clear as mud.”
Situational Irony: • When something happens that goes against what is expected/desired in a normal situation. • Disparity between intention and result. • Examples: Being shot with one’s own gun. • The entire plot of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.
Isn’t it Ironic? For each statement, press 1 for Dramatic Irony, 2 for Situational Irony, 3 for Verbal Irony, and 4 for Not Ironic. • On the Salem Road, there is a Dunkin Donuts located beside the Medical Weight Loss Clinic. • Simone walks into Mr. Custer’s classroom and slams the door. Mr. Custer says “Thanks for not slamming my door, Simone.” • The bullet that injured Ronald Reagan bounced off of the bullet-proof windows designed to protect him. • Amoni is standing in front of the class mocking Mr. Hewell. She is so into her behavior that she doesn’t notice him walk up behind her. • A traffic jam when you are already late.
Isn’t it Ironic? For each statement, press 1 for Dramatic Irony, 2 for Situational Irony, 3 for Verbal Irony, and 4 for Not Ironic. • You’re watching a horror movie. You know that the person knocking on the door is the axe murderer. The lady in the house opens the door anyway. • A van crashes through the front of the defensive driving school. • You find a black fly in your white wine. • Kaley tells Mr. Hewell that his explanation of irony is as clear as mud. • Creon states that giving Medea one extra day will not be dangerous. We the audience know that she needs only one day in which to carry out her vengeance.
Isn’t it Ironic? TOD Look over the lyrics to the song “Isn’t it Ironic?” by Alanis Morissette as it plays. Watch the video of Ed Byrne’s comedy routine poking fun at Alanis Morissette. Which person do you think has a better grasp of irony? Explain.
