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Employment

Employment. Trends. Trends in employment level Total employment How does it look like since WWII Employment rate = (employment/working-age population) How does it look like since WWII How? Men out, women in Shifts in composition of employment Fishing Agriculture

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Employment

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  1. Employment Trends

  2. Trends in employment level • Total employment • How does it look like since WWII • Employment rate • = (employment/working-age population) • How does it look like since WWII • How? • Men out, women in • Shifts in composition of employment • Fishing • Agriculture • Manufacturing (good-producing) • Service • Government • Non-government

  3. Now, about ¾ in services • All around the world • Why the big change? • Relative productivities • Real incomes and necessities/luxury goods • Contracting services out and accounting for that • Globalization and “outsourcing” • Many (not all) services are difficult to outsource • Services as inputs

  4. Shifts in occupations • More • Managerial • Clerical • Sales • Communication • Finance • Less • Manufacturing • Mechanical • Unskilled • Transportation • Primary • Same • Construction

  5. Shifts in modes • Non-standard employment • Not full-time, not full-year, not permanent paid • Part-time • Less than 30 hrs/week • About 12% in 1970s • About 20% in 2000s • Strong gender bias - women • Mostly service sector • Many may be underemployed • Would prefer full time

  6. Multiple jobholding (moonlighting) • Gender bias – men (3/4) • But women increase (sign of underemployment?) • Age bias - young • Trend to multi-career • Main reason reported is financial • Own-account self-employment • Working on your own without paid employees • Gender bias – men • Age bias – older

  7. Temporary work • Term and contract 1/2 • Gender bias - men • Casual and on-call 1/4 • Gender bias - women • Seasonal 1/4 • Gender bias – men • Bad data due to changing definitions • Why the increase? • Demographic changes – not clear • Businesses trying to go around regulations • Payroll tax • Mandated benefits • Globalization and flexibility • Functional flexibility • Numerical flexibility

  8. Trends in hours of work • DOWN • 1900, about 59 hrs/week • Now, about 38 hrs/week • Why? • Growing productivity and leisure time as luxury

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