Chapter 13

1. Chapter 13 Nationalism: Culture, Politics, Diplomacy, 1815-1824

2. Two Sections, One Country • Sectionalism • North was capitalistic • Felt southerners were lazy & indolent • Southern aristocrats guarded civilization • Felt northerners were greedy money grubbers • Slavery was powerful force in south • Had been abolished in North • Political parties contributed • Federalists in north • Republicans in south • Support for War of 1812 also divided

3. Era of Good Feelings • American Nationalist Spirit • Begins after Battle of New Orleans • Includes American System • Americans see themselves as new chosen people • Patriotic culture • Fourth of July became popular • Folk art, songs, verses • Biographies on revolutionary heroes • George Washington biography • Americanization of language

4. Era of Good Feelings • Inspirational Reading • Biographies of early patriots exploded • Mason Weem’s biography of George Washington • Created a national hero although not all true • Noah Webster 1783 AmericanSpelling Book • Created an American language • Dictionary 1828 • James Fenimore Cooper one of first American writers and used American themes

5. Nationalism in the Courtroom • John Marshall dominates Supreme Court for 30 years • Strengthens court’s power • Works for unanimous decisions • Very affable • Strengthens federal government • Establishes “broad construction”

6. Nationalism in the Courtroom • Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816) • Established Supreme Court’s authority to reverse State Court decision • McCullough v. Maryland (1819) • Maryland tried to tax Bank of United States • Denied states rights to tax federal institutions • Gibbons v. Ogden • Gave federal government jurisdiction over commerce on rivers that touched more than one state

7. Henry Clay • Lawyer, planter, speculator, politician • Westerner with a national perspective • Speaker of the House (1810-1821) • Worked to create compromise • Most everyone liked him • Called for internal improvements • Wanted to create system to bind all sections of nation together • Make him indispensable man

8. American System • Starts with a Bank of the US (BUS) • Holds government deposits from sell of western lands • Original BUS had died in 1811 • 1816 another Bank was chartered • Internal improvements in west help everyone • Industrials have greater demand for goods • Westerners have greater demand for food • Southerners have greater demand for cotton • Wants to pay with a high tariff • This was least popular part of the system

9. Transportation Revolution • Roads • Most became impassable in rain • John McAdam developed an all-weather road • National Road • Government funded • Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Ohio • Made Henry Clay popular with many small farmers

10. Erie Canal • Slashed transportation costs • Paid for by New York state • Hudson River to Lake Erie • Expensive but paid for itself in first year • Navigators guided flatboats • Pulled by mules • Erie Canal success leads to canal building boom • Mainline canal in Pennsylvania • Over 4,000 miles of canals • Economic bust left states with debts from public projects

11. Early Railroads • 1825 first railroads • Could be built more places, cheaper to operate and hardly ever stopped running1827 first two U.S. railroads • Built by mining companies • Other railroads built by entrepreneurs • Could be expensive to build • Best for long hauls • Baltimore & Ohio RR

12. River traffic • Old man river – Mississippi River • Drained central U.S. • But hard to bring cargo upriver • Queens of the Mississippi • Flat bottomed steamboats • 1807 Robert Fulton’s Clermont • Built a paddle wheeler for Mississippi • Paddleboat operations grew • Frequent boiler explosions • Very shallow drafts were needed

13. Happy Presidency of James Monroe • James Monroe • Virginia disciple of Jefferson • Good diplomat and administrator • Presided during political calm • Federalists rapidly dying out • Monroe easily wins in 1816 • Monroe faces no opposition in 1820 • “Era of good feeling” • Politics of Calm • Little interest in national politics • People focus on expansion, economics • Secretary of State John Quincy Adams • Monroe, Adams focus on foreign affairs

14. Successful Diplomacy • Oregon • Rush Bagot Agreement 1817 • Demilitarized Great Lakes • Set boundary between Canada-US at 49th parallel • Join occupation of Oregon Territory • Florida • Spain losing New World empire • Jackson invades Florida • Jackson ignores Spanish authority • Adams buys Florida in Adams-Oñis Treaty • Pays $5 million • Set western boundary

15. Successful Diplomacy (cont.’d) • Monroe Doctrine • J. Quincy Adams main author • U.S. would not intervene in Europe • Ends colonization in Western Hemisphere • U.S. not intervene in existing colonies • European intervention deemed act of war • Why the Monroe Doctrine? • Spain wants to regain colonies • Britain wants them independent for trade • Britain wants alliance with U.S. • U.S. decides to act alone

16. Missouri • Missouri Crisis • 11 slave states, 11 free states • Missouri asks to become a state • Proposal made to require abolition in Missouri • South wants to keep balance of states • Missouri Compromise • Brainchild of Henry Clay • Missouri slave; Maine free • No slavery in rest of Louisiana Purchase north of 36º 30’ • Congress admit states in pairs for 30 years • 2nd Missouri Compromise • State prohibited free blacks from emigrating in • Violates U.S. Constitution • Clay convinced Missouri to state did not override Constitution

17. Discussion Questions • Explain the rise of American nationalism. Give examples of how this was exhibited. • Who was Henry Clay? What was his role in the westward expansion during this period? • Examine the issue of internal improvements. Who supported them? How did they change the nation? • What was the “era of good feelings”? • Discuss the foreign policy achievements of Monroe. What did they portend for the future?