Final Regents Review: The Middle Ages

1. Final Regents Review: The Middle Ages By: Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY Addendum: Thomas Ross

2. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500

3. Europe in the 6c

4. The Medieval Catholic Church • filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world. • monasticism: • St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience. • provided schools for the children of the upper class. • inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war. • libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts. • monks  missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

5. The Power of the Medieval Church • bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system. • the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe. • tried to curb feudal warfare  only 40 days a year for combat. • curb heresies  crusades; Inquisition • tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to the church. • Peter’s Pence  1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].

6. A Medieval Monk’s Day

7. A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium

8. Illuminated Manuscripts

9. Romanesque Architectural Style • Rounded Arches. • Barrel vaults. • Thick walls. • Darker, simplistic interiors. • Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

10. Charlemagne: 742 to 814

11. Charlemagne’s Empire

12. Pope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

13. The Carolingian Renaissance

14. Carolingian Miniscule

15. Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Treaty of Verdun, 843

16. Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

17. Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle

18. Parts of a Medieval Castle

19. The Road to Knighthood KNIGHT SQUIRE PAGE

20. Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior

21. Medieval Women • Often depicted as Emotional, physical moral inferiors to men • Actually had critical roles in trades and farm • Could be apprentices (clothing), join guilds and become Masters • Not political equals • Can’t go to Universities

22. The Medieval Manor

23. Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work

24. The "Renaissance" of the 12c

25. Growth of Royal Power • Invasions and chaos subsides in the 10th & 11th Centuries • 987 Hugh Capet is elected King of France • King Alfred defeats the Danes • Otto I in Germany defeats Hungarians and is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope • Feudal Monarchies are transition from feudal rule (decentralized) to centralized Nation States • Concept of universal church/empire gives way to nation state

26. The Rise of European Monarchy: France

27. France • Hugh Capet Elected 987 AD • Technically he is ruler, but in reality his powers are small • Controls only small area around Paris • Founds Capetian Dynasty • Lucky: Always have male heirs • Switch to primogeniture • Allow sons to rule jointly with them so no elective Kingship = smooth transitions • Agricultural revolution hurts small landowners but strengthens large property owners • Exploit the rise of towns : supply king with militia, money • King is supreme judge (locals can appeal over Lord’s heads) • Anointed by the church gives religious authority (later leads to church/state conflict) • Begins a long period of expansion through marriage, wills, settling disputes among nobles

28. French Expansion • French Expansion • Up to 1100 Capetians barely survive • Paris Militia saves king several times • Louis VI 1108-37 • Uses friends in Church and courts to Control Isle de France • Calls nobles to court, the don’t show up, confiscates lands • Gets Bishops to excommunicate enemies • Constant raids, destroys nobles castles • Louis VII Marries Eleanor of Aquitaine controls 1/3 of France • Marriage annulled Marries Henry II of England • Angevin Empire Created English control 1/3 of France • Leads French nobles to support King v. English

29. French Expansion • Philip Augustus (13th Century) • Unscrupulous diplomat, poor general • Fails v. Henry II and Richard II • When John inherits England he uses authority to order John to come to court and confiscates his lands when he refuses • Leads to war v. John, Flanders and Germany • John moves slowly and his allies are crushed • Unites a legitimate French State after the Battle of Bouvines in 1214 • Triples the size of Kings lands • Defeats revolts and seizes northern France • Conquers Normans • Seizes Southern France to “combat” Albigensian Heresy • Uses middle class officials rather than nobles as administrators • Descendents unite most of modern France by late 1300’s

30. French Expansion II • Louis IX • Expands royal courts, bans baronial wars, and ends serfdom on royal lands • Creates Parlement of Paris (like a Supreme Court, not a legislative body) and publishes laws • Each province has its own legal system • Right of appeal to higher courts established • Fairer tax system established • Fair and efficient bureaucracy that actually works • King becomes the symbol of fairness and Justice in France • France becomes a model for proper rule of a state • St. Louis

31. Phillip the Fair (France) • Philip IV • Taxes clergy • Attacks Pope Boniface VIII • Clericis Laicos; Papal Bull: Can’t tax clergy • Unam Sanctum; Papal authority is supreme, can remove Kings • Physically assaulted by Phillip’s troops • Shatters Papal power: low point of medieval church • Leads to Great Schism: Urban VI urges reform of clergy • Cardinal Elects rival Pope, Two Popes then deposed by Council of Pisa and there are 3 Popes, All deposed and Martin V unifies Papacy • Rise of Counciliarism • “Babylonian Captivity (1309-1376) • Estates General emerges: Clergy, Nobles, Townsmen (One vote per social class)

32. Louis XI (France) • English collapse in France after 100 Years War • Defeats Duke of Burgundy (Charles the Bold) • Charles had tried to create a central European Empire • France now reunified but wars V. Italy and Austrian Habsburgs bankrupt and weaken the state during 1500’s

33. The Rise of European Monarchy : England

34. Alfred’s England • 7 Dukedoms made up of Counties, shires (each has a sheriff appointed by the King) • William of Normandy (Fr.) Conquers England in 1066 • Claims throne by blood relationship to previous King Edward the Confessor • Battle of Hastings • Census of 1085 (Domesday Book) • Creates powerful centralized monarchy • Henry I : Exchequer, Common Law and Jury trials created • Grandson Henry II inherits a network of Judges, tax collectors and policemen

35. William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066(Bayeaux Tapestry)

36. Evolution of England’s Political System • Henry I: • William’s son. • set up a court system. • Exchequer dept. of royal finances. • Henry II: • established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom. • grand jury. • trial by jury.

37. Henry II (England) • Henry II • Expands common law, circuit judges annually, 4th Lateran Council ends trial by ordeal • Jury of accusation, Jury of trial • Dispute with Thomas a’ Becket • Controls many French Provinces and Marries Eleanor of Aquitaine • Largest fiefs in France • Angevin Dynasty/Empire

38. Henry II’s Sons • Richard Lion Heart • Great Warrior but bad King, debts • John • Debts from father and Richard • War with Philip Augustus lost (more debts) • Oppressive taxes • Excommunicated by Innocent III • Magna Carta (Begins Limited Monarchy) • Constitutional monarchy and limits Kings abuses (Parliament) • Limited Gov’t, rule of law, balance of power, power of the purse, private property, due process, judged by your peers • Primarily benefits nobles/wealthy; only they vote for Parliament • Common Law • Common v. Roman law, precedent v. absolutes, evolves v. static, Open v. closed courts, impartial v. active judges, open v. closed evidence, right to remain silent (torture) Legal volumes

39. Magna Carta, 1215 • King John I • Runnymeade • “Great Charter” • monarchs were not above the law. • kings had to consult a council of advisors. • kings could not tax arbitrarily.

40. The Beginnings of the British Parliament • Great Council: • middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c. • eventually called Parliament. • by 1400, two chambers evolved: • House of Lords  nobles & clergy. • House of Commons  knights and burgesses.

41. England 15th Century • 100 Years War 1347- 1453 • Wars of the Roses after 100 Years War • Yorkists v. Lancaster • Henry VI of Lancaster deposed by Edward of York (Edward IV) • Richard III (York) murders Edward’s two sons and seizes throne • Deposed by Henry Tudor (Henry VII)

42. England 15th Century (Con’t) • Henry Tudor of Lancaster • Marries Elizabeth of York and Ends Civil War • Confiscates noble property (uses Court of Star Chamber) • Able to rule without parliament on wealth he confiscates • Henry VII, Elizabeth I

43. Holy Roman Empire:Germany • Otto I crowned H. R. E. in 962 AD • Son of Henry I of Saxony • 1st non-Frankish • Network of feudal vassals is never fully controlled • No strong royal Domain • Puts relatives in charge of Bavaria, Swabia, Franconia, invades Italy 951 • Absorbs Bishops into Feudal Government (no families so likely to be loyal) Become feudal lords • System creates major conflict with the church over state control of the clergy • Henry IV: Investiture Crisis • Frederick I; Wars on Italy • Frederick II: tied down in Italy • Germany never unified

44. Reform of the Church • Increasing interdependence of Church and state = abuses • Church offices held in fief, Kings select Bishops, sale of offices (simony) • Clunaic reforms: Monastery at Cluny (909) founded by William of Aquitane, lay people sponsor independent Monks • Reject subservience to Royal society • No concubines • Reforms spread through France and Italy • Second wave • 1056 Emperor Henry III supports Pope Leo IX: • ban married priests, only clergy elects Bishops/Abbots, • 1059 Lateran Reform: Pope elected by Cathedral Priests plus all major churches in Rome

45. Reform of the Church • Rise of nation state creates bitter Church/State conflict • Investiture Crisis: Gregory VII claims authority under “two swords” theory (1073-1085) • Dictatus Papae: Pope can depose Emperor and secular authority can’t appoint Bishops • Henry IV needs his bishops in order to rule his kingdom, 1076 splits with Pope • Bishops back King and nobles back Pope • Excommunicated but does penance and Henry eventually wins by outliving the Pope • Concordat of Worms 1122: Bishops appointed by the Pope or Cathedral Chapter but King can veto (very important later on) EQUAL ROLLS = Compromise

46. Reform of the Papacy • Papal government reformed: College of Cardinals act as advisors and Cathedral Chapter handles administration • Codify all old decrees into Canon Law • Legates = Traveling Judges, Councils for Major decisions • Deal with Church lands, Bishop Elections • Marriage becomes a sacrament under Religious control • Innocent III most powerful • Papal courts get full Jurisdiction over all spiritual matters in 12th & 13th centuries • Wants order, proper behavior of clergy, separate clergy from laity • Three issues: Moderates succession crisis of H.R.E. between Philip of Swabia; Forces John to back down on selection of AB of Canterbury; Forces Philip Augustus to accept marriage as a sacrament ( interdict, wars, central bureaucracy all help him)

47. Crisis of the Medieval Papacy • Philip IV • Taxes clergy • Attacks Pope Boniface VIII • Clericis Laicos; Papal Bull: Can’t tax clergy • Unam Sanctum; Papal authority is supreme, can remove Kings • Physically assaulted by Phillip’s troops • Shatters Papal power: low point of medieval church • Leads to Great Schism: Urban VI urges reform of clergy • Cardinal Elects rival Pope, Two Popes then deposed by Council of Pisa and there are 3 Popes, All deposed and Martin V unifies Papacy • Rise of Counciliarism • “Babylonian Captivity (1309-1376) • Estates General emerges: Clergy, Nobles, Townsmen (One vote per social class)

48. Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

49. Impact of the Crusades • some cultural exchanges between Christians and Muslims • new economic growth of Italian port cities • the growth in power of eastern crusader states declined from the First Crusade on • increasingly common and violent attacks on European Jews by Christians

50. Setting Out on Crusade