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March 12 – The Nigerian Nation. Agenda: Country Briefs Quick-write Notes Jigsaw Homework: 548-end of chapter. Take out: Notebook Country Briefs Pen/Pencil. QW: What was meant by the following quotation? What does it tell us about governing Nigeria?.
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March 12 – The Nigerian Nation Agenda: • Country Briefs • Quick-write • Notes • Jigsaw Homework: • 548-end of chapter Take out: • Notebook • Country Briefs • Pen/Pencil
QW: What was meant by the following quotation? What does it tell us about governing Nigeria? “Nigeria is not a nation. It is a mere geographical expression.”Yoruba Chief ObafemiAwolowo
Northwest AKA “The North” Hausa-Fulani Largest ethnic group Predominantly Muslim Northern People’s Congress (NPC) Southeast AKA “The East” Igbo 2rd largest ethnic group Predominantly Christian National Convention of Nigerian Citizens (NGNG) The Nigerian Nation • Southwest • AKA “The West” • Yoruba • 2nd largest ethnic group • 40% Christian, 40% Muslim, 20% Yoruban • Action Group (AG) • Three other “minority” zones exist (Northeast, Middle Belt, and the Delta)
DIVERSITY leads to… • Fragmentation • The tendency to divide along ethnic, linguistic, regional, and/or religious lines • Lots of people are watching Nigeria (if it fell apart, it would have major repercussions for the rest of W. Africa) • “…as Nigeria goes, so goes the rest of Africa” • Over 250 ethnic groups call parts of Nigeria home • There are over 400 languages spoken • Most can’t speak other languages • HF = 29% Yor = 21% Ibo = 18% Ijaw=10%
The North Hausa-Fulani The West Yoruba The East Igbo
The North Hausa-Fulani The West Yoruba The East Igbo
North vs. South – Historical Differences The North The South Fertile Delta More densely populated BUT small communities Very little trade along water before colonization Became a British protectorate Relied on Royal Niger Company • Drier • Thinly populated • More connected to world economy • Saharan trade • Did not welcome/ allow missionaries • Cultural diffusion through trade to the north
Precolonial Era (800-1860) • Early influence of Islam • Contact in North • Arabic education influenced and replaced traditional customs • Sharia Law • Kinship-based politics • Prevalent in the South • Political organization and trade by village/tribe • Democratic impulses • Developed in South • Rulers expected to seek input of community
Colonial Era (1860-1960) • Authoritarian Rule was Indirect • South - Regional chiefs left in charge • North – Local elites placed in control • Divide and Conquer – pitted local rulers against each other to compete for rewards • (infrastructure, social needs, bureaucratic appointments) • Individualism • Created tendency for local rulers to seek personal benefits • Christianity • Spread through south andwest (vs. Islam in the north) • Education only offered through missionary schools • Intensification of Ethnic politics • Southern elitism (vs. north)
British Legacy • Once the British announced they were leaving Nigeria, all semblance of national unity was gone…competition became intense for political power • The Big Question: How could Nigeria become truly independent when it had been dependent for so long?
The First Republic(1960-1966) • Westminster Model (Parliamentary) • The Northerners dominated (with Igbo allies) • Originally sought to redress the imbalance from Colonial era • Ethnic divisions create unrest • Majority could not maintain control • PM authority was consistently undermined • Descended into military rule • Igbo (Biafra) attempt secession (1967-1970) • Three civil wars lead to over 1 million deaths • Military (Igbo controlled) seized power in ’66 to end fighting in the Western region (among the Yoruba) and to stop corruption and northern abuses
4th Republic: 1999 – present • Unitary system in a federal guise – An all-powerful government surrounded by weak and bankrupt states • Consequence of military rule Incredibly strong executive branch • Weak legislature and judiciary • Patronage politics that sap accountability, and undermine the rule of law • Accentuate cleavages • Rampant clientelism, corruption and authoritarian governing structures
Public Policy: Economics • Loyalty pyramid – informal political structure of power • Squandered Nigeria’s wealth • $30 billion in debt, 60% in poverty, oil revenues go directly to government • Since the last military regime (1999) there have been basic fiscal changes: • IMF/World Bank ‘Shock Treatment’ • Some privatization • Scheme for alleviating poverty • Restructuring • Diversify economy • Reduce government spending • Financial reserves have grown slowly (finally out of debt in 2006)
Group-Share • You have been assigned a reading packet that includes news relating to a region of Nigeria • Read you assigned packet • Use SPECIFIC DETAILS from the packet to complete a three-column chart with the following headings: • Specific Problems/Issues in Nigeria • What has been done? • What still needs to be done? • After beginning your chart, you will collaborate with a small group to share information from the other reading packets