Internet Applications Development

1. Internet Applications Development Topics on Basic Internet Applications • What is Internet? • Key Milestones in Evolution • How Internet is organized? • Internet Applications • Internet Protocols • Client-server paradigm • Domain Name System (DNS) Basic Internet Applications

2. What is Internet? • The network formed by the co-operative interconnection of a large number of computer networks. •  Network of networks. • No one owns the internet • Every person who makes a connection owns a slice of the Internet. • There is no central administration to the Internet. Basic Internet Applications

3. Key Milestones in Evolution • 1950’s ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) • 1970 – ARPANET creates precursor to Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) • 1971 Universities added to net Telnet and FTP are available • 1972 First electronic mail message sent • 1973- ARPANET connected to England and Norway • 1974- TCP starts being used for communicating across a system of networks • 1982- US DoD starts building defense data networks based on ARPANET technology Basic Internet Applications

4. Key Milestones in Evolution (contd.) • 1983- ARPANET splits into ARPANET and MILNET • 1983- Internet now in place TCP/IP standardized • 1986- National Science Foundation (NSF) implements NFSNET; a system of regional network of routers connected over a backbone network • 1990 Tim Berners-Lee starts work on a global hypertext system, GUI browser / editor using the NeXTStep development environment. He makes up "WorldWideWeb" as a name for the program. • 1991- First (text only) web browser available. Archie and Gopher released Basic Internet Applications

5. Key Milestones in Evolution (contd.) • 1992- Internet links more that 17,000 networks in 33 countries; 3 million hosts • 1993- World Wide Web is launched • 1994 10,000 WWW sites. Over 1500 registered servers. • 1995- Interconnected network providers start offering service About 30 million users 100,000 WWW Sites. New WWW technologies emerge: JAVA, Javascript, ActiveX, VRML, Search engines. WWW traffic now dominates NSF backbone traffic. • 1996 Over 500,000 WWW Sites. Microsoft enters. Internet phones arrive. Basic Internet Applications

6. Key Milestones in Evolution (contd.) • 1997 Over 1,300,000 WWW Sites. Streaming media available. • 1998 Over 3,300,000 WWW Sites. Web size estimated at about 300,000,000 pages. E-Commerce, E-Auctions, Portals; E-trading begins. • 1999 Over 9,500,000 WWW Sites.  E-Trade, Online Banking, MP3 popular. • 2000 Over 22,000,000 WWW Sites. Estimated 6 billion people on line. Wireless technologies maturing. • 2001 Over 575,000,000 WWW sites by January, estimated 1.4 billion pages. Broadband high speed access enters mainstream Basic Internet Applications

7. Growth of Internet Basic Internet Applications

8. How Internet is organized? • The Internet is not a single network, but a worldwide collection of loosely connected networks that are accessible by individual computer hosts in a variety of ways, including gateway, routers, dial-up connections, cell phones Internet enabled, etc, and Internet Service Providers (ISP). • The Internet has two aspects, physical and logical and it can be viewed as a collection of physical and logical pieces that are tied together physically and logically. • The physical aspect is a collection of wires, optical fibers, and microwave radio links and other devices that carry digital signal between computers. Basic Internet Applications

9. How Internet is organized? (contd.) • The logical aspect is a set of standards for the signals that travel through that network. The Internet uses various protocols depending on what kind of job is to be done and what kind of data is being transferred. • The language that allow computers to talk to another are called protocols. The protocol is the method in which the network interface cards (NIC) communicate over the topology. • The chief protocol and the defining standard of the Internet is TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). Basic Internet Applications

10. How Internet is organized? (contd.) Basic Internet Applications

11. Internet Applications • Elements of Internet Applications • Client-server model • iterative vs. concurrent server • Important Internet Applications • Telnet • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) • Electronic Mail (Email) • World Wide Web (WWW) • Internet Relay Chat (IRC) • Usenet News • Gopher Basic Internet Applications

12. Internet Protocol (IP) • The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol used for relaying datagrams (also known as network packets) across an internetwork using the Internet Protocol Suite responsible for routing packets across network boundaries. It is the primary protocol that establishes the Internet. • IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite and has the task of delivering datagrams from the source host to the destination host solely based on the addresses. Basic Internet Applications

13. Internet Protocol (IP) (contd.) Basic Internet Applications

14. IP address • An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. • An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there.“ Basic Internet Applications

15. IP address (contd.) • The designers of the Internet Protocol defined an IP address as a 32-bit number and this system, known as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is still in use today. • A new version of IP (IPv6), using 128 bits for the address, was developed in 1995. IPv6 was standardized as RFC 2460 in 1998, and its deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s. • IP addresses are binary numbers, but they are usually stored in text files and displayed in human-readable notations, such as 172.16.254.1 (for IPv4), and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 (for IPv6). Basic Internet Applications

16. Elements of Internet Applications • Network application • communicating, distributed processes (programs) running in network hosts • exchange messages to implement application (e.g., e-mail, file transfer, web) • message format and actions to be taken are defined by application-layer protocols (e.g., FTP, SMTP, HTTP) • Computing model used: • Software that implements Internet services use client-server computing • Some computer on the Internet offer services that others access Basic Internet Applications

17. Client-server paradigm • Client-server paradigm is a form of communication • Server application is ``listener'’ • Waits (passively) for incoming message • Performs service • Returns results • Eg, a mailserver’s function is to receive, store and deliver e-mails. • Client application establishes connection • Sends message to server • Waits for return message • Eg, a mail client (also called a mailer or mail program mail application) is a software that allows a user to manage, read, and compose e-mail. Basic Internet Applications

18. Client-server paradigm Basic Internet Applications

19. Characteristics of client • Arbitrary application program • Becomes client when network service is needed (Eg, a sender’s computer becomes a client to a remote mail server) • Also performs other computations • Invoked directly by user • Runs locally on user's computer Initiates contact with server • Can access multiple services (one at a time) • Does not require special hardware or sophisticated operating system Basic Internet Applications

20. Characteristics of server • Special purpose application dedicated to providing network service • Starts automatically at system initialization time (system boot) • Runs on a remote computer (usually centralized, shared computer) • Waits for service requests from clients; loops to wait for next request • Will accept requests from arbitrary clients; provides one service to each client • May require powerful hardware and sophisticated operating system Basic Internet Applications

21. Server types: • Iterative server: • can process one request at a time. • it receives a request, processes it, and sends the response to the requestor before it handles another request. • Concurrent server: • can process many requests at the same time. Basic Internet Applications

22. Multiple servers for one service • Responding to a client request may require significant time • Other clients must wait while earlier requests are satisfied • concurrent program - has > 1 thread of control • concurrent server offers service to multiple clients at the same time • When a request arrives, the server assigns the request to a thread of control that can execute concurrently with existing threads • In other words, multiple copies of a servers for a single service can handle requests concurrently Basic Internet Applications

23. Dynamic servers • Concurrent server operates dynamically • One way to run concurrent servers is to dynamically create server processes for each client • Parent (or Master) server accepts incoming requests and starts Child (or slave) server for each client • Child server handles subsequent requests from its client • Parent server then waits for next request Basic Internet Applications

24. Client-Server Example Basic Internet Applications

25. Selecting from multiple servers • How do incoming messages get delivered to the correct server? • To allow a process to identify the other process with which it wants to communicate some form of addressing is needed. • Addressing: Each transport session has two unique identifiers • (IP address, port number) on server • (IP address, port number) on client • A port number is a 16 bits number located in the TCP header • port numbers 0 to 1,023 (controlled by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)) are reserved for `well-known` services like telnet and ftp • port numbers 1,024 to 49,151 (not controlled by IANA, these ports can only be registered with IANA) • port numbers from 49,152 to 65,535 are ephemeral ports (Dynamic and/or Private Ports) and can be used by any process. • No two clients on one computer can use same source port • Thus, client endpoints are unique, and server computer protocol software can deliver messages to correct server process Basic Internet Applications

26. Domain Name System (DNS) • All applications use IP addresses through the TCP/IP protocol software • Difficult for humans to remember: 134.82.11.70 • The Domain Name System (DNS) provides translation between symbolic names and IP addresses • DNS is the naming scheme used in the Internet Basic Internet Applications

27. Structure of DNS names • Each name consists of a sequence of alphanumeric components separated by periods • Examples: • www.eg.bucknell.edu • www.netbook.cs.purdue.edu • charcoal.eg.bucknell.edu • challenger.atc.fhda.edu • Names are hierarchical, with most-significant component on the right • Left-most component is computer name • Domain name space: names are defined in an inverted-tree structure with the root at the top • the tree can have only 128 levels: level 0 (root) to level 127. Basic Internet Applications

28. DNS: Tree Structure • Each node in the tree has • a label - a string with a maximum of 63 characters. • a domain name - a sequence of labels separated by dots. Basic Internet Applications

29. DNS naming structure • Domain: a part of the computer naming hierarchy used in the Internet. • Eg, commercial organization have names registered under the .com domain • Top level domains (right-most components; also known as TLDs) defined by global authority Basic Internet Applications

30. DNS naming structure • Organizations apply for names in a top-level domain: • bucknell.edu • macdonalds.com • Organizations determine own internal structure • cs.stanford.edu • cs.purdue.edu • ie.cuhk.edu.hk Basic Internet Applications

31. Geographic structure • Top-level domains are US-centric • Geographic TLDs used for organizations in other countries: TLD Country .ca Canada .uk United Kingdom .fr France .ch Switzerland .hk Hong Kong .cn China .jp Japan .sg Singapore .au Australia • Countries define their own internal hierarchy: ac.uk and .edu.au are used • for academic organizations in the United Kingdom and Australia Basic Internet Applications

32. DNS and client-server computing • DNS names are managed by a hierarchy of DNS servers • Translates a name to an IP address, or • Contains information that links to other DNS servers • Hierarchy is related to DNS domain hierarchy • Root server at top of tree knows about next level servers • Next level servers, in turn, know about lower level servers Basic Internet Applications

33. edu com gov mil org net uk fr … … … … … princeton mit cisco yahoo nasa nsf arpa navy acm ieee cs ee physics ux01 ux04 Name Servers • Partition hierarchy into administrative authority responsible for portion of the hierarchy Basic Internet Applications

34. Domain Name System (DNS) • DNS Name Servers: • maps domain name of a host to its IP address. • hierarchically organized • local name servers: • located in the same domain as the host that make the DNS query. • authoritative name servers: • often located in the domain where the host that we queried is located. • can perform name/address translation for that host’s name • root name servers: • contacted by local name server that can not resolve name • give referral on which authoritative name servers to contact. Basic Internet Applications

35. root name server 2 3 5 4 local name server dns.ie.cuhk.edu.hk authoritative name server dns.umass.edu 1 6 requesting host surf.ie.cuhk.edu.hk gaia.cs.umass.edu Domain Name System (DNS) • host surf.ie.cuhk.edu.hk wants IP address of gaia.cs.umass.edu 1. contacts its local DNS server, dns.ie.cuhk.edu.hk 2. dns.ie.cuhk.edu.hk contacts root name server 3. root name server contacts authoritative name server, dns.umass.edu 4-6. root name server returns the resolved name to local host via local name server. Basic Internet Applications

36. Domain Name System: nslookup • Trying out DNS for yourself: • Use nslookup to find the IP address or hostname of a machine: • Go to http://www.infobear.com/nslookup.shtml • Enter the IP address or hostname that you want to look it up • Select the name server: WebSiteSource -ns.websitesource.com • Try to look up www.ie.cuhk.edu.hk - it should give you an IP address. • For popular web sites, such as www.cnn.com, nslookup may give you multiple IP addresses. This indicates that the website are served by multiple servers. Basic Internet Applications

37. Output of:nslookup -q=A www.cnn.com ns.websitesource.com Server: ns.websitesource.com Address: 216.147.43.135 Non-authoritative answer: Name: cnn.com Addresses: 64.236.16.116, 64.236.24.4, 64.236.24.12, 64.236.24.20 64.236.24.28, 64.236.16.20, 64.236.16.52, 64.236.16.84 Aliases: www.cnn.com Domain Name System: nslookup • Sample output of nslookup for www.cnn.com : Basic Internet Applications

38. Domain Name System: nslookup • Output of: nslookup -q=A gaia.cs.umass.edu ns.websitesource.com • Server: ns1.worldnet.att.net Address: 204.127.129.1 • Name: gaia.cs.umass.edu Address: 128.119.245.12 Basic Internet Applications

39. User 1 2 user @ cs.princeton.edu cs.princeton.edu Name Mail server program 4 192.12.69.5 192.12.69.5 3 TCP 192.12.69.5 5 IP DNS Example: sending E-mail Basic Internet Applications

40. DNS Example: sending E-mail • 1. User presents domain name of host (eg, cs.princeton.edu) to an application program (eg, a mail program) • 2. Application program (mail program in this example) engage the naming system (name server program) to translate the domain name of host into host address (ie IP address). • 3. Application (mail program) opens a connection to the host by presenting its IP address to TCP Basic Internet Applications

41. Telnet • Telnet (TErminaLNETwork) • the standard TCP/IP protocol for virtual terminal service by ISO. • enables the establishment of a connection to a remote system in such a way that the local terminal appears to be a terminal at the remote system. • uses TCP service on the well-known port 23. • Cf. Rlogin - remote login protocol by BSD UNIX. Basic Internet Applications

42. Telnet: How Remote Login Works • Remote login follows the client-server paradigm. • The client: • Is the application that uses TCP/IP for making connection • transforms the characters typed by users to a universal character set called Network Virtual Terminal (NVT) characters. • e.g. End of file in DOS (Ctrl+z), UNIX (Ctrl+d) • The server: • Allows the user to interact with the remote computer • Sends output to the client Basic Internet Applications

43. FTP • FTP (File Transfer Protocol) • the standard application for copying a file from one host to another. • uses the client-server approach Basic Internet Applications

44. FTP: Retrieve and Store Files • Retrieve A File • Contacts a remote computer • Obtains a copy of a file • get: receive one file, eg, get filename1 • mget: get multiple files, eg, mget filename1 filename2 • Store A File • Contacts a remote computer • Sends a copy of a file • put: send one file , eg, put filename1 • mput: send multiple files, eg, mput filename1 filename2 • open: connect to a remote computer • FTP Prompts for a login identifier • FTP Prompts for a password • bye: terminate a connection and leave FTP program • Two FTP file formats: text(ascii) & binary Basic Internet Applications

45. FTP: Making Connections • needs two TCP connections. • well-known port 21 for control connection. • well-known port 20 for data connection. Basic Internet Applications

46. FTP: Making Connections Basic Internet Applications

47. How E-mail Works • E-mail systems follow the client server approach • In sender’s computer, an email program becomes a client • contacts an e-mail server program on the recipient’s computer • transfer a copy of the message • When the e-mail server receives a message, it • stores the message in the recipient’s mailbox • informs the recipient Basic Internet Applications

48. SMTP • SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) • the standard TCP/IP protocol for supporting electronic mail on the Internet • uses the TCP well-known port 25. • SMTP client/server has two components: • UA (User Agent) - prepares the message, creates the envelope and puts the message in the envelope. • MTA (Mail Transfer Agent) - transfers the mail across the Internet. Basic Internet Applications

49. SMTP • Relay MTAs Basic Internet Applications

50. SMTP • E-mail format: • Envelope: contains the sender address, receiver address and other information • Message: contains the headers and the body. • Address format: • local_part@domain_name • local_part defines the name of user mailbox Basic Internet Applications