Technologies/resources agreed for assessment:

1. Renewable Energy and low carbon technologies assessment for the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Jane HawkesEnergy Consultant, National Energy Foundation

2. Technologies/resources agreed for assessment: • Biomass • Anaerobic digestion/biogas/hydrogen • Small scale hydro • Wind (medium/small) • Micro wind • Photovoltaics • Solar thermal • Heat pumps • District heating

3. Biomass - output up to 2MW • Alternative solid fuel to conventional fossil fuels. • Types of biomass fuel includes logs, wood chips, pellets derived from clean waste wood, forest residue / coppice products, and energy crops such as short rotation coppice (SRC). • Primary product is heat and can also be used at larger scales for electrical power generation. • Local examples: • Bluestone Holiday Village 2.5MW • Producers – Pembrokeshire Bio Energy

4. Anaerobic digestion/biogas/hydrogen • Example of waste treatment – medium scale up to 2 MW, Small scale from 10kW • Produces gas with a high methane/hydrogen content from organic materials • Feedstocks = agricultural, household, industrial residues and sewage sludge • Gas used to generate heat, electricity, or a combination • Uses waste substances otherwise difficult to dispose of in an environmentally acceptable way. • Local examples: • Caerfai Farm near St David’s • Proposal at Lawrenny Eco Village • Pemb Waste Strategy • Hydrogen farm - Carmarthenshire

5. Small scale hydro • Water flowing from a higher to a lower level • Passes through turbine to produce mechanical energy then turned into electrical energy by a generator. • High head hydro sites are more likely to take place in hilly/ mountainous areas. • majority of schemes are ‘run of river’ • 100kW to 500kW (poss up to 1MW)or 10 kW to 50kW • Local examples: • Near Dinas off A487 • Y Felin – St Dogmaels • Working mills – Solva, Tregwynt, Carew.

6. Wind • Uses the wind's lift forces to rotate blades that turn a rotor to create electricity. • Can be deployed singly, or in small clusters (2-5 turbines), or as windfarms (not considered here). • Small scale < 25m to blade tip • Medium scale 25m – 60m to blade tip • Small/medium output >10kW to 500kW • Connection to the grid required. • Life span approx 25 years • Local examples: • Carfai Farm – 20kW (above) • (Outside Park) • Lodge Farm N. Hubberston – 500kW • Castle Pill, E. Milford Haven – 490kW

7. Micro wind turbines • Range 650W and 6kW • Building or mast mounted • Connection to batteries or grid • Typical working life of 20-25 years. • High position on a mast or tower free from excessive turbulence and obstructions such as large trees, houses etc Local examples: Marloes Sands (above) 17 currently within the Park

8. Photovoltaics (PV) • Exploits the direct conversion of daylight into electricity in a semi-conductor device. • roof-mounted or free-standing in modular form • Integrated into the roof or facades of buildings (solar singles, slates, glass laminates etc). • Shadows from buildings, trees or other structures can significantly reduce the performance of a PV system. • PV is one of the most expensive technologies in terms of cost per kW of electricity generated. Local examples: Druidston (above) Six currently within the Park

9. Solar hot water • Two main types of collector are common in the UK: flat plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors. • In both types, radiation from the sun is collected by an absorber plate in the collector, and is transferred as heat to a fluid • Used to convey the energy to the domestic system using a heat exchanger. Local examples: Whitesands Café (above) Almost 100 in Park Pen y cwm – Pembrokeshire Housing Association

10. Heat Pumps(Typical domestic system 8 - 12kW) • Captures the energy stored in the ground surrounding (or underneath) buildings or from rivers, canals, lakes or underground aquifers. • Uses low grade thermal energy from ground, water or air and a refrigeration cycle to deliver heat energy at higher temps, (typically 40-45oC) or low temps, using a reverse cycle, for cooling (typically 6-12oC). Local examples: Carfai Farm (2 trench systems) (Outside Park domestic systems) Haverford West, Narberth, Carew

11. District heating • Uses a centralised boiler to provide heat for a building complex or series of buildings. • Can be heat from a single boiler, or heat from a combined heat and power (CHP) plant. • Comprises a highly insulated “heat main” of flow and return pipes distributing hot water • Connection to buildings via heat exchanger transferring heat via internal heating circuit • Temperature and flow meters adjust the heat required and monitor heat used. Local examples: Proposal for DH scheme using biomass at Old School Business Centre Narberth (PLANED)

12. Wave & Tidal • Motion of waves & tidal movement of water generate electricity in turbines offshore • WAG responsible for planning offshore schemes. PCNPA responsible for onshore connections • Marine schemes generally conditioned and feed into low-voltage distribution network(Western Power) • WaveDragon Scheme is 7MW; Ramsey Sound project involves 8 x 1MW units • Local examples: • WaveDragon (St Ann’s Head) • EoN/Lunar Energy (Ramsey Sound)