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HOLY WAR

HOLY WAR. The Medieval Crusades. The Medieval Crusades. Definition – The series of expeditions from Western Europe to the Eastern Mediterranean, beginning in 1095, designed to recover the Holy Land from Islam & then to retain it in Christian hands 8 major crusades from 1095 - 1291.

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HOLY WAR

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  1. HOLY WAR The Medieval Crusades

  2. The Medieval Crusades • Definition – The series of expeditions from Western Europe to the Eastern Mediterranean, beginning in 1095, designed to recover the Holy Land from Islam & then to retain it in Christian hands • 8 major crusades from 1095 - 1291

  3. Motivations for the Crusades • By 1095, Muslims had conquered about 2/3 of the territory that had been part of Christendom • They were threatening Constantinople & the Byzantine Empire • Weakened Eastern Empire left West vulnerable to Muslim invasion • Many knights & peasants were eager for wealth & adventure

  4. Motivations for the Crusades • Muslim conquest of the Holy Land Dome of the Rock, built 692 ADRock Moriah where the Ark rested

  5. Motivations for Crusades • Pilgrimages to the Holy Land • Heightened after the year 1000 failed to bring Christ’s return • Means of acquiring merit • Muslims increased hardships on pilgrims; destroyed shrines in Jerusalem • Crusades were fueled by desire to reclaim Holy Land

  6. Motivations for Crusades • The Eastern Emperor asked for help from Pope Urban II: the Seljuk Turks threatened the Byzantine Empire • Urban saw a chance to reunite Christendom • The Great Schism occurred in 1054

  7. The Council of Clermont (1095) • Urban called the Council of Clermont (November 1095) • His goals: Reform the church • Support the Eastern Christians against the Turks • Liberate Jerusalem • His promises: Indulgences for all who took up the cross – if they were successful or if they died in the Crusade • Protection of Peter, Paul & the Church for estates left behind

  8. The Council of Clermont (1095) • Council cried: “Deus vult! God wills it!”

  9. The First Crusade • Peter the Hermit led mob heading to Jerusalem • Pillaged countryside • Slaughtered Jews • Many died from plague & famine

  10. The First Crusade • Formal crusade arrived at Constantinople & allied with Byzantine army • They captured Nicea easily • They captured Antioch after a long siege • Peter Bartholomew claimed St. Andrew revealed site of Holy Lance • When it was uncovered, crusaders rallied against a larger Muslim army

  11. The First CrusadeAttack on Jerusalem • June 12, 1099, Crusaders see Jerusalem • Hermit prophesies: “Attack tomorrow; the Lord will deliver it to you” • Too few ladders; they could not scale walls • They withdrew, defeated

  12. The First Crusade Attack on Jerusalem • During the long siege of Jerusalem, Muslims were supplied with food & water; Crusaders had little water • Crusaders needed siege equipment: mobile towers, scaling ladders, catapults • Transported water & wood long distances; finally, a supply ship arrived in Jaffa • Crusaders feuded, suffered & deserted; many died

  13. The First CrusadeAttack on Jerusalem • Priest reported vision of dead Bishop Adhemar: “Purge your sins; march barefoot around Jerusalem; fast; attack on the 9th day” • Crusaders marched barefoot; ended on Mt. Olivet; feuding princes embraced

  14. The First CrusadeAttack on Jerusalem • Siege equipment built; weapons prepared; the battle began on July 13 • After 2 days, weary Crusaders considered withdrawal; but a knight on Mt. Olivet waved his shield to encouraged them • Crusaders took heart & attacked again

  15. The First CrusadeAttack on Jerusalem • Burning arrows caught wall on fire; siege tower provided bridge to wall • Crusaders entered the city & opened the gates • Governor surrendered • Jerusalem was sacked; Muslims were slaughtered • Godfrey of Bouillon named “Protector of the Holy Sepulcher” • He would not accept the title “King of Jerusalem”

  16. The First Crusade ended in success

  17. The Second Crusade (1147-49) • 1144, Muslims captured Edessa • Bernard of Clairvaux preached for crusade • 1147, German & French armies marched to Holy Land • Crusades were defeated at Edessa, Laodicea, Damascus • Crusade ended in disgrace; Bernard preached judgment on sinful people

  18. The Third Crusade (1187-92) In 1187, Saladin captured Jerusalem

  19. The Third Crusade • Called the Crusade of Three Kings • Frederick I Barbarossa of Germany • Philip II Augustus of France • Richard the Lionheart of England

  20. The Third Crusade • Frederick defeated Muslims at Iconium, then drowned trying to swim across river • Philip participated in victorious siege of Acre, then departed for France where he hoped to take Normandy back from England while Richard was on crusade • Richard could not win back Jerusalem, but negotiated treaty with Saladin to allow Christian pilgrimages

  21. Richard the Lionheart (1157-99) • 1192, Richard sailed for England; was shipwrecked; in Austria, he was kidnapped by Duke Leopold; paid ransom & returned to England in 1194; settled affairs with John; began war against Philip; died in battle • Background for Robin Hood & Ivanhoe

  22. The Fourth Crusade (1201-4) • Innocent III sent this Crusade against Saladin’s headquarters in Egypt • However, the Venetian fleet sidetracked the Crusaders to Constantinople • Crusaders decided to sack & loot Constantinople – Eastern Christians

  23. Seventh & Eighth Crusades (1248-50 & 1267-72) • Both led by Louis IX, King of France, who later was declared a saint • Both crusades failed & Louis died from dysentery • 1291, the Crusader city of Acre fell & Crusader presence in Holy Land ended

  24. Results of Crusades • Mistrust & enmity developed between East & West; Muslims, Jews & Christians • Increased contact of the West with Byzantine Empire, Eastern Orthodox Church & Islamic civilization • Power & wealth of papacy increased • Rise of trade & commerce as source of economy • Increased interest in relics • At home crusading zeal turned toward fighting heresy

  25. After the Crusades • The Crusades only delayed the ultimate conquest of Constantinople by Muslim forces • In 1453, Muslim armies overran Constantinople & brought an end to the Byzantine Empire • In 1458, Muslims conquered Athens & occupied Greece • During the 16th & 17th centuries, Muslim forces extended westward into Europe • Suleiman the Magnificent conquered Hungary • He reached as far as Vienna & laid siege to the city in 1529 • He was turned back by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor • The Battle of Vienna, 1683, finally halted the Muslim advance into Europe

  26. Ottoman Empire 1683

  27. George Bush: “This crusade, this war on terror” Islamic aggression 9/11/2001

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