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Water

Water. Water has unusual properties. 1. Solid water is less dense than liquid water. Ice floats so we can see ice bergs Ice floats so river fish have an insulated home during winter Living tissue ruptures when frozen Freezing water causes erosion and cracking.

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Water

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  1. Water

  2. Water has unusual properties

  3. 1. Solid water is less dense than liquid water • Ice floats so we can see ice bergs • Ice floats so river fish have an insulated home during winter • Living tissue ruptures when frozen • Freezing water causes erosion and cracking

  4. 2. Water has a higher density than most other liquids • Oil spills float and can be cleaned easier than if they settled to the bottom • Salad dressings need to be shaken before use

  5. 3. Water has a high heat capacity. • Surface water is a giant thermostat • Coastal climates are mild • Arid climates are extreme

  6. 4. Water has a high heat of vaporization • Perspiration cools us • Swamp coolers work unless it is really humid • Coastal climates are mild

  7. Abundance • 75% of the earth’s surface is covered with water • 98% is salt water • Almost 2% is polar ice • Less than 1% is fresh or sweet water

  8. Usage • Average water use in USA is 8 million liters per person • Base line need is 1.5 liters per day • Compare to US personal consumption of 300 liters a day! • And total per capita consumption of 7000 L per day!!!!!

  9. Daily water use • drinking and cooking 7L • flushing toilet 80 L (talk about Japanese toilets “big flush”“little flush” • Swimming pools and lawns: 85 L • Dishwashing: 14 L • Bathing: 70 liters • Laundry: 35 L • Misc: 90 L • agricultural: 2150 L • Industrial: 3800L • municipal: 550 L

  10. Details • Regular Shower: 19 L per minute • Low flow shower: 7 L per minute • Air assisted shower: 2 L per minute • regular washer 140 L per load • wash recycle: 100 L per load • front loader: 80 L per load • Faucets: 12 L per minute • Low flow faucet: 6 L per minute • dishes: 20 L per load • Regular Toilet: 19 L per flush • Low flow: 13 per flush • air assisted: 2 L per flush

  11. Are you a water criminal?

  12. Are your sprinklers on in the rain?

  13. Do you let the hose run while you wash the car?

  14. Do you hose down the driveway?

  15. Do you let the water run while you brush your teeth?

  16. Do you take long showers or more than one a day?

  17. Do you have leaky taps?

  18. Do you rinse the dishes and just let it flow?

  19. Good water practices

  20. Do you have a green lawn or golf course in the desert?

  21. Xeriscape your yard! • Green lawns/landscape consume 50-80% of homeowner’s water • Xeriscape is the answer for those of us in low rainfall areas • Los Angeles is NOT England! Get over it! • Xeriscape is usually misunderstood • Xeriscape saves water, money, time, resources and can raise the home value 15% when well done

  22. There are many styles of xeriscape: Desert hardscape style is only one and most people don’t like it. This style is what gives xeriscape a bad name.

  23. Desert flowers and greenery, not as stark

  24. Cottage style xeriscape- pleasant, colorful and lush

  25. Native plant xeriscape

  26. Mediterranean style

  27. Mountain style

  28. Biological contamination • Poor water kills 5 million people a year • Bad water ranks 4rth in causes of death after malnutrition, tobacco and hypertension

  29. Less than 10% of the world’s population has clean water

  30. Bad water causes bacterial, viral and parasitic infections and diseases like typhoid, cholera, dysentery and hepatitis

  31. In some countries, people wash clothes and even poop into the same rivers that drinking water and washing water is collected from.

  32. Human and animal waste is washed directly into the rivers - the only sources of water.

  33. Industrial Contamination

  34. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) • Degrading waste uses oxygen and can deplete the water ways so they putrefy

  35. Eutrophication • Too many nutrients like phosphates cause algae to grow and clog the waterways, reduce available oxygen and eventually kill the waterways.

  36. Leaking Underground Storage Tanks (LUST) • Estimated 200,000 sites in USA • Includes industries, gas stations and closed factories and mines

  37. JPL is a local example.

  38. Rivers should not be red or gold • Acid and cyanide run-off from mines is a huge problem • Aluminum is deadly to fish

  39. Toxic rivers • Industrial processes use a lot of water! • The run off is often toxic. • It takes 100 tons of water to make 1 ton of steel

  40. Irresponsible companies • Peabody mining company has used too much water on Hopi and Navajo reservation land • Despite protests, it continues.

  41. Heavy metals • Chromium gets released into the waterways from chrome plating facilities • Watch the Erin Brockovich film

  42. Hidden aspect of factory farms • Meat packing facilities release, hair, blood and body parts into the water

  43. Tragedy • Agricultural run-off of nitrates have contaminated rural areas. • Nitrates cause “blue baby syndrome” infant deaths

  44. Storm drains wash old auto oil, butts and anything else on the sidewalks and gutters into the oceans

  45. In some Russian cities, radioactive waste was dumped directly into the rivers. • Children swim there in the summer

  46. Russia used more than 130 nuclear explosions to damn the mighty Volga. • It used to take 50 days to travel the Volga, now it takes 18 months • The Volga is polluted now and the caviar sturgeon is almost extinct.

  47. Good News! Smart Voting! • The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) was originally passed by Congress in 1974 to protect public health by regulating the nation's public drinking water supply. The law was amended in 1986 and 1996 and requires many actions to protect drinking water and its sources: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and ground water wells. • On October 11, 2006, EPA finalized the Ground Water Rule. More than 100 million Americans will enjoy greater protection of their drinking water under this new rule issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The rule targets utilities that provide water from underground sources and requires greater vigilance for potential contamination by disease-causing microorganisms.

  48. Our report card 1970s ----> now • Oil spills fluctuate year to year • Some lakes and rivers have been reclaimed • Inland seas like the Aral are still very polluted • Dissolved oxygen (BOD) has improved in developed nation’s rivers • PBTs has been reduced since the 70s in the USA in the Great Lakes • In Europe the bathing water of the beaches has improved. • We are depleting the aquifers. It is estimated that in the next 20 years humans will be using 90% of all fresh water available, leaving 10% for all other species.

  49. Something to worry about? • Dammed water weighs so much that it has actually changed the tilt of the earth’s axis. • Climate change, naturally induced by tiny shifts in Earth's rotational axis and orbit, periodically wipes out species of mammals • The natural fluctuation cycle is about 21,000 years

  50. Scientists are worried about this destabilization and the new dams in China, especially the Yangtze Dam, which will be the largest dam in the world.

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