UNIT 5: MINING, ENERGY AND INDUSTRY

1. UNIT 5: MINING, ENERGY AND INDUSTRY

2. Contents • Mining • Energysources • Non-renewableenergy • Renewableenergy • Origins and development of industry • Modern industry • Theindustrial powers • Minig, energy and industry in Spain

3. Keywords • Drilling wells: pozos mineros. • OPEC countries: Organización de Países Productores y Exportadores de Petróleo. • Renewable energies: energías renovables. • Non-renewable: energías no renovables. • Energy efficientcy: eficiencia energetica. • Tidal power: energía mareomotriz. • Division of labour: división del trabajo o trabajo en cadena. • Fordist model: fordismo, producción en cadena. • Basic industry: industria básica. • Consumer goods industry: industria de bienes de consumo. • Large-scale production: producción a gran escala. • BRICS: emerging countries.

4. 1. Mining involved in extracting minerals from their deposits. It is a primary sector activity because products are obtained from nature, but it is linked to the secondary sector because it provides essential raw materials for industry and construction. There are four basic types of mining: surface mining, underground mining, underwater mining and drillingwells. Natural resources and their exploitation Natural resources, such as minerals or water, are found naturally in the environment, and are essential for a country’s economic development. Their exploitation depends on technology, cost and markets. Consumption is very high in developed countries. Less developed countries are among the biggest producers in natural resources. Minig activity Minerals are a natural resource. A mineral is an inorganic natural substance, with an specific chemical composition, which is found in the Earth’s crust. Mineral deposit are high concentrations of minerals in a particular area. Mining refers to the different activities

6. Miningtoday Miningwascarriedout in ancient times, butit has developedgreatlysincethe Industrial Revolutionbegan in the late 18th century. Todaycountriesneedlargequantities of rawmaterials and energytomaintaintheirmanucfactoring industries. Miningmay cause seriousproblems: • Environment: Itdestroysthelandscape and polluteswater and soil. • Excessivemining: It uses up deposits, and exhauststheland. • Conflicts and wars: In lessdevelopedcountries, mining can lead tocombatsto control thedeposits, and expulsion of thepopulationfromminingareas.

7. 2. Energysources • History of energy • Energyperformswork in industrial processesbytransformingrawmaterialsintomanufacuredproducts. In prehistory, human force, fire, water, wind and animalswereallusedto produce energy. Wood was a keyenergysourceuntilthe 18th century. Sincethe Industrial Revolutionmanydifferentennergysourceshavebeenused: • Coalwasthemainenergysource in the 19th century, whenitpoweredsteamengines. • Electricity, oil and gaswerewidelyusedby late 19 thcentury and eventoday. • Nuclear energywasdiscoveredby mid-20th century. • New, cleanerenergysourceswerelookedforfollowingtheenergy crisis of 1973. Renewableenergies, likewind, solar and wave power, became popular. • In theearly 21st centurytheworld’senergydemandshavecontinuetogrowduetopopulationincrease and requirements of industry.

8. Classification of energysources Energysources are renewableor non-renewable: • Renewableenergiesare thosewho can recovernaturallyover time(hydraulic, solar, wind, geothermalpower are allrenewable). • Non-renewableenergiesexist in limitedamounts and cannoteasily be replaced (uranium, coal, oil and natural gas are all non-renewableenergies). Energysources can also be classified as primaryorsecondaryaccordingtowherethey are found : • Primaryenergies, are obtainedfromnature (fossilfuels, uranium, wind, solar). • Secondaryenergies, are producedfrom a primarysource (electricityorfuelsobtainedfromoil.

9. Worldproduction and consumption Thereis a markedimbalance in thewaythatenergyisproduced and consumedin differentparts of theworld: • The OPEC countriesare amongtheworldmainsuppliers of hydrocarbonfuels. • Industrial countries, likeJapanor EU, are essentiallyconsumers, withhighenergyneeds and a lowlevel of production. • TheUnitedStates consumes and produces anenormousamount of energy. • In recentyears China and India (emergingcountries)havejoinedthetraditionalconsumers. In the 21th century, energyconsumptionisexpectedtokeeponrising. 80% of thisenergywill be fromfossilfuels, which are non-renewable and polluting. Thispresents a challengetosustanaibledevelopment (improvingenergyefficiency, invest in technology, developing new forms of energy).

11. 3. Non-renewableenergy Uranium. Nuclear energy originates from a process called fission, which involves the disintegration of uranium atoms. Uranium needs a process of enrichment before it can be used, requiring technology that is only available to a few countries. Today the main producers are United States, France and Japan, which have been joined by China and India. The use of nuclear energy has caused protest movements which denounce the problem of storing radioactive waste and the danger of nuclear accidents. Oil and natural gas are non-renewable fossil fuels. They are formed by the decomposition of living organisms at the bottom of the ocean over million of years. Deposits of natural gas and oil are often found in the same place, making their extraction easier. Crude oil provides numerous products like patrol and raw materials. Demand for oil has tripled in the last fifty years. The biggest consumers are in the industrialised countries and most populated countries. The biggest oil reserves are in the Persian Gulf, Venezuela and Canada. These resources cause environmental damage (pollution) and dependence on the energy-producing countries. Coal is a fossil fuel formed by the decomposing remains of vegetation un shallow water. It was the main fuel in the 19th century but now coal is used to prodece electricity (iron and steel production) and also in chemist. Main deposits are located in Russia, China and North America.

12. 4. Renewableenergy Renewable energies began in the 70s, they were called alternative energy sources and they are hydroelectric, wind, solar, biomass, geothermal and tidal power. The use of renewable energy sources is growing rapid thanks o technological costs, more expensive fossil fuels, the payment of a tax for CO2 emissions and the subsidies that government provides. The major adventages are that these energies are available everywhere and they have little impact of environment; but they have drawbacks as well, supply is irregular and energy is difficult to store. By 2035, one third of electricity is expected to come from renewable sources and the use of renewable energy is likely to go increasing.

14. 5. Theorigins and development of industry What is industry? Industry is concerned with the transformation of raw materials into manufactered goods. The origings of industry. Modern industry requires certain conditions like machines and energy, factories and large quiantities of goods are produced. Industry is linked to development, and industrialisation promotes economic growth. The richest and most developed conuntries have a well-established industrial network. Industrial Revolution began in England in late 18th century. It was based in technical innovation (steam engine), division of labour and large-scale production. Industrial Revolution changed society and the economy. Large number of people moved from rural areas to work in factories, and cities grew. The second stage of Industrialisation. At he end of 19th century emerged a new efficient system (Fordist Model, mass consumption), productivity increased enormously. Production costs were reduced and products were made available to many more people. The USA, Western Europe and Japan led this new revolution.

16. 6. Thecharacteristics of modernindustry Productivity has increased and production costs have fallen. Fewer workers are required but there is a greater demand for technicians and managers. Industries insource services like marketing, logistics or design, so we refer to the tertiarization of industry. Renault video in our blog. The growth of international industry. The growth of multinationals is linked to the expansion of international trade and to advances in transportation, information technologies and communications. These companies are more powerful economically that some countries. They use the adventages offered by a country, such as tax breaks, low labour costs and permissive environmental laws. The new industrial model. Since 70s oil crisis, a new model of industrial production (post-Fordist model) has emerged, it is based on new technologies, consumer’s preferences, automated production and the participation of emerging countries. The key role of research. Industrial companies dedicated a high percentage of their capital to research and develoopment (R & D), specially in new materials and nanotechnology. The decentralisation of production. The globalisation of the world economy has led to strong competition between companies and countries. They have developed new strategies to reduce costs and stay competitive. The decentralisation of production takes place in different ways: locating different phases of production in different countries, subcontracting activities, making corporation agreements. Automation and industrial tertiarization. Modern industry uses automated production systems. Machines and robots carry out mechanical task which used to be performed manually in the past.

19. 7. The industrial powers The traditional industrial powers. The developed countries have a strong tradition of industry, a skilled labour force and highly developed technology. US has fallen to the second place in industrial production while Japan is the world’s third industrial power. Germany, UK, France and Italy are also important industrial powers. Other economies. India, Brazil and South Africa have been expanding rapidly since 90s and now they are industrial powers. Second level emerging countries are found in Latin America. In the Pacific there are strong econimies like Singapore, South Korea and Australia). • Traditional and emergingpowers. Industrial productionisnotevenlydistributedacrosstheworld, and 85% of total productionisconcentrated in a fewcountries. Tradiotionally, the industrial powersweretheUnitedStates, Europe and Japan. However, severalemergingcountries are nowcatching up. • The BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China South Africa) accountfor 27% of theworld’s industrial production. • China, theworld’sleading industrial power. China has becometheworld’sleading industrial powerthakstothefollowingpoints: • Changes in economicpolicy. • Abundantresources. • Thenext are China’smain industries: • -- Electronics: a third of theworld’sproductionismade in China (anstrategicindustry). • Basic industries: chemicals, steel, heavy machinery and cement. • Consumergoods: textiles, toys, cars and food. • Industryismainlyconcentrated in coastalareasaroundShanghai, Beijing, Honk Kong and Guangzhou.

20. 8. Mining, energy and industry in Spain Mining and energy sources. In Spain mining employs around 0’2% of the working population and it contributes the same to GDP. Spain is an important producer of non-ferrous rocks and minerals (sepiolite, gypsum). Spain also has many different ferrous metals like cooper, tin, zinc, niquel, lead, gold, and silver, but its production does not cover the country’s needs. Energy minerals are scarce and Spain is strongly dependent on non-renewable energy. Industrialisation. Industrialisation began in mid-19th century, later than other European countries. These earliest industries were textiles in Catalonia, and coal and iron mining in the Basque Country and Asturias. Industrialisation remained very weak until the Spanish Civil War and the beginning of dictatorchip. Spanish economy expanded strongly between 1959 and 1975 and there was a real Industrial Revolution. Existing Industrial areas were joined by the coastal areas of Levant, Cantabrian, Galicia and Western Andalusia, as well as inland (Madrid, Zaragoza, Valladolid). After 1975, many industrial Spanish industries became uncompetitive. In the 80s there was restructuring when many companies in traditional industries (iron or ship building) were closed down).

22. Industry in Spaintoday Theworldeconomic crisis, beginning in 2007, hadseriouseffectsthroughouttheworld, but in Spaintherewasalso a propertybubble, wheninflatedpricescollapsed. Foryears, a largepart of secondary sector productionwasconnectedtothe boom in buildingconstruction. Whenthissloweddown, manyotheractivitieswerealsoaffected. Employmentfell, and salaries and consumerbuyingwentdown. Thiswasthe cause of a fall in production and employment in industry. In 2013, 13,7% of the active population in Spainwasemployed in industry, and 6% in construction. In thesameyear, industrycontributed 16,1% to GDP, whileconstructioncontributed 5,2%. Thefood, drinks and tobacco sector representsaround 18% of production and industrial employment. Spain’sautomobilemanufactoringindustryisthesecondlargest in Europe, and car exportsmake up 20% of total industrial exports. Thechemicalindustryisnext in importance. Most industrial manufactoringtakes place in theAutonomousCommunities of Catalonia, Madrid, theBasque Country and theValencianCommunity.

24. HOMEWORK!!! • Define: mining, renewableenergy, non-renewableenergy, primaryenergy, secondaryenergy, OPEC countries, GPD. • Describe in yourownwordstheproblem of worldenergy balance, mapon page 10. • Make a summaryonHistory of energy. • Explainbrieflyrenewableenergies. • Explainbriefly non-renewableenergies. • Whatisindustry? Whyisit so important? • Describe thefirstIndusrialRevolutionclearly. • Explainwidelymodernindustry in yourownwords. • Define: BRICS, globalisation, R & D, emergingcountries, GDP. • Explain China as theworld’sleading industrial power. • Explainindustry in Spaintoday. • ExplaintheevolutiononIndustrialisation in Spain.

25. Made by Francisco Javier AbadesAnsián History teacher at Castilla y León (Spain) Feel free to study or share this presentation