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Geothermal Energy: Concepts, Systems, and Applications

This comprehensive guide provides an introduction to geothermal energy, covering basic concepts, heat sources, geothermal systems, electric energy generation, direct use application, resource assessment, project development, operation, and maintenance. It also discusses the drivers, barriers, technological challenges, and economic and environmental sustainability of geothermal energy.

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Geothermal Energy: Concepts, Systems, and Applications

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  1. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Fausto Batini Enel – International Rome – Italy fausto.batini@enel.it Rome, 2006 5th July

  2. Contents • 1° PART • introduction • Geothermal energy basic concepts • Heat sources • Geothermal systems • The geothermal industry worldwide • Electric energy generation • Direct use application • 2° PART • Resource assessment and project development • Ranking of geothermal prospects • Project development • Operation and maintanamce • Drivers & barriers for the geothermal energy growth • Technological challenges • Economic and environmental sustainability • Conclusions

  3. Contents • 1° PART • introduction • Geothermal energy basic concepts • Heat sources • Geothermal systems • The geothermal industry worldwide • Electric energy generation • Direct use application • 2° PART • Resource assessment and project development • Ranking of geothermal prospects • Project development • Operation and maintanamce • Drivers & barriers for the geothermal energy growth • Technological challenges • Economic and environmental sustainability • Conclusions

  4. Enel market capitalization • The principal electricity operator in Italy with the leading position in the generation, transmission*, distribution and sale of electricity • Strong presence in the gas market • One of the world largest operators in the energy sector Source: Bloomberg * Enel owns 36,14% of the share capital of Terna and has already signed an agreement for the sale of up to 30% of the company

  5. America Enel in the world SPAIN America Europe • 1.592 MW Thermal • 671 MW Hydroelectric • 600,000 customers! RUSSIA North Western thermal power plant management contract • 286 MW Hydroelectric • 67 MW Wind • 21 MW Biomass and Biogas Over 19.000 MW of renewable energy • 50% of EUFER: • 294 MW Wind • 89 MW Hydroelectric • 62 MW Cogeneration • SLOVACCHIA • 66% of Slovenske Elektrarne • 6.850 MW • ROMANIA • 51% of Dobrogea • 51% of Banat • 1.4 million customers • 293 MW Hydroelectric • 20 MW Wind • 115 MW Geo (12,7% of LaGeo) • BULGARIA • 67% of Maritza East III: • 732 MW Thermal • ITALIA • 30 million customers (power) • 2 million customers (gas) • 42.000 MW 53.161 MW, 750 power plants, 1.000.000 km grid, over 34 million customers

  6. Contents • 1° PART • introduction • Geothermal energy basic concepts • Heat sources • Geothermal systems • The geothermal industry worldwide • Electric energy generation • Direct use application • 2° PART • Resource assessment and project development • Ranking of geothermal prospects • Project development • Operation and maintanamce • Drivers & barriers for the geothermal energy growth • Technological challenges • Economic and environmental sustainability • Conclusions

  7. Geothermal heat source Geothermal energy is, literally, the heat contained within the Earth that generates geological phenomena on a planetary scale. Temperature gradient in the earth is 33°C/km (In the geothermal areas > 100 °C/km) A mean heat flux at the earth's surface is around 16 kWt/ km2 (In the geothermal areas > 100 kWt/ km2 ) 42.000.000 MWt dissipated to the atmosphere and space Only a fraction of this energy can be recovered and exploited by man.

  8. The thermal engine in the Earth Immense volumes of deep hotter rocks, less dense and lighter than the surrounding material, rise with convective movements towards the surface

  9. Geothermal areas worldwide The heat flux tends to be strongest along tectonic plate boundaries where volcanic activity transports high temperature material to near the surface. However, even in parts of the world far from plate boundaries, there can still exist areas of higher than average natural heat flow.

  10. Power plant Meteoric water Production wells Steam gathering system Drilling rig Reinjection well Caprock Thickness 500 – 1500 m Impervious rocks Hot fluid Reservoir Porous – fractured rocks Tickness 500 – 1500 m T = 150 – 300 °C Geothermal system Utilization of geothermal energy has been limited to areas in which geological conditions permit a carrier (water in the liquid phase or steam) to 'transfer' the heat from deep hot zones to or near the surface, thus giving rise to geothermal system Heat source Depth 5-10 km T > 600- 700 ° C

  11. Geothermal system

  12. Geothermal systems

  13. Electric energy generation This is the most common type of geothermal power unit. NAMEPLATE CAPACITY : 5 - 60 MW NAMEPLATE CAPACITY : 2 - 10 MW

  14. Direct use of geothermal heat

  15. Heat mining HDR Project at Soultz: the Pilot Plant concept Develop advanced technology to use the huge thermal energy amount contained in the earth crust

  16. Contents • 1° PART • introduction • Geothermal energy basic concepts • Heat sources • Geothermal systems • The geothermal industry worldwide • Electric energy generation • Direct use application • 2° PART • Resource assessment and project development • Ranking of geothermal prospects • Project development • Operation and maintanamce • Drivers & barriers for the geothermal energy growth • Technological challenges • Economic and environmental sustainability • Conclusions

  17. The dawn of geothermal industry Once upon a time at the underworld watchdog site... Larderello (Italy)… … in 1817 a small group of entrepreneurs formed the first geothermal firm starting the extraction of boric acid by evaporation of the waters of the many geothermal lagoons present in the Larderello region.

  18. The dawn of geothermal industry … … in 1827 the first approach to explore the hell … … and to measure the power of the steam

  19. The dawn of geothermal industry … In 1904 the first experiment of electric energy generation The first commercial electric power plant Larderello 1 ( 1916 ) 3x3000kW (indirect cycle)

  20. Geothermal highlights in Italy • Larderello • since 1913 • exploited area 250 km2 • steam dominated reservoir • efficient capacity:463MW Same geothermal system at depth over 3000 extending about 400 km2 Florence • Radicondoli - Travale • Since 1950 • Exploited area 30 km2 • steam dominated reservoir • efficient capacity:160 MW Roma • Amiata • since 1954 • exploited area 50 km2 • Water dominated system • efficiente capacity :88 MW Year 2005 Efficient capacity (MW) 711 Net generation (GWh) 5.036 Heat distributed (Tcal ) 235 CO2 avoided (Mt) 3,4 TEP saved (MTEP) 1,13

  21. RESOURCE EXPLORATION & ASSESSMENT DRILLING ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & MAINTANANCE Geothermal exploration & production process

  22. Geological & structural model Exploration & resource assessment An interdisciplinary integrated approach is applied to build an accurate subsurface geological model of the geothermal system… … to select the most promising prospect and to predict the drilling targets

  23. Drilling Vertical and directional wells are drilled from the same pad at depth of 1000 – 4500 m Montieri 1 well Steam production over 240 tonnes/h of steam

  24. Design & construction of the power system Steam pipeline (lenght range :1-10 km) Power plants 20 MW each one

  25. Environmental sustainability Architectural solutions to minimize the visual impact Reduction of gas emission AMIS (process for H2S and Hg removal) • Abatement • Hg >90% • H2S 70-80%

  26. Cooling towers Production well Electric power plant Steam gathering system Water Steam flow Reinjection well Field and power plant O & M Integrated management of geothermal resources for production optimization

  27. Enel’s geothermal assets in Italy 711 MW operating capacity • 31 Units in operation • Range 6.5 MW - 60 MW • 508 wells • 408 km steam&water pipelines All the units are remote controlled

  28. Geo-heat supply in Italy DISTRICT HEATING & GREEN HOUSES

  29. Enel geothermal portfolio – Ytd 2005 3000 2564 The total installed capacity is 8,933 MW 8,000 MW running and supplying 56,786 GWh an increase of 12% and 15% respectively with respect to year 2000 2500 1930 2000 Enel 1500 100% 953 12.5% 1000 MW (installed) 838 711 535 500 435 202 163 151 121 79 77 33 28 20 20 16 0 Fonte: IGA 2005 JAPAN KENYA USA TURKEY PORTUGAL ITALY El SALVADOR Others CHINA PHILIPPINES NEW ZEALAND RUSSIA MEXICO COSTA RICA INDONESIA ICELAND GUATEMALA NICARAGUA

  30. Geothermal installed capacity About 8,000 MW in operation and supplying 56,786 GWh Back Pressure 1% 8% Binary 29% Dry Steam 25% Double Flash Single Flash 37% • 2/3 of the total installed capacity are for dry steam and single flash units • Binary units are increasing, but with a lower value of capacity per unit. Fonte: IGA 2005

  31. Energy saving & pollution avoided • Electric use • Energy saving (*) of fuel oil per year 96,6 million barrels or 14, 5 millions tonnes • Carbon pollution avoided (millions tonnes year) 3 (natural gas) or 13 (oil) or 15 (coal) • Direct uses • Energy saving (*) of fuel oil per year 123,4 million barrels or 18,5 millions tonnes • Carbon pollution avoided (millions tonnes year) 4 (natural gas) or 16 (oil) or 18 (coal) Total energy saving of fuel oil per year over 220 million barrels Total carbon pollution avoided per year over 39 (oil) million tonnes • (*) generating electricity with 0,35 efficiency factor

  32. World geothermal potential … up to 72.500 MW exploitable with existing technologies while future technologies will allow the exploitation of up to 140.000 MW … Source: World Bank

  33. Areas with high potential ( MW in operation) Geothermal energy worldwide development Turchia (18 MW) Iceland (202 MW) • France - Guadalupe(15 MW) • Portugal (13 MW) • Italy (711 MW) Iran • Canada • Usa (1935 MW) Cina (19 MW) Russia (79 MW) Japan (530MW) • Indonesia (838 MW) • Filippine (1838 MW) • New Zealand (403 MW) • Mexico (953 MW) • Nicaragua (38 MW) • El Salvador (119 MW) • Costa Rica (163 MW) • Guatemala (29 MW) • Kenia (129 MW) • Ethiopia (7,3 MW) • Cile • Bolivia • Perù • Argentina Source : Bertani WGC 2005 8900 MW in operation forecasted to year 2010

  34. Enel’s new development in Italy • Exploration program • 2004-2008 • 3D seismic • 11 wells at depth of 3500-4500 • 68 € millions investment 100 MW additional in the next 5 years

  35. Far East Market opportunity under evaluation North America projects under evaluation Nicaragua Ahuachapan Berlin Hoyo Mt.Galan Cile Chiltepe Apacheta El Tatio – La torta Calabozo Chillan Partenership with LaGeo GEONICA s.a. 2 project under exploration El Salvador Partenership with ENAP ENG s.a & GDN s.a. 4 project under exploration Partenership with LaGeo 119 MW in operation 55 MW under construction Enel’s worldwide development

  36. Contents • 1° PART • introduction • Geothermal energy basic concepts • Heat sources • Geothermal systems • The geothermal industry worldwide • Electric energy generation • Direct use application • 2° PART • Resource assessment and project development • Ranking of geothermal prospects • Project development • Operation and maintanamce • Drivers & barriers for the geothermal energy growth • Technological challenges • Economic and environmental sustainability • Conclusions

  37. Thanks for your attention For any further information please contact me at the following e-mail address: fausto.batini@enel.it

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