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Syllabus

Skeletonization and its applications K álmán Pal á gyi Dept. Image Processing & Computer Graphics University of Szeged, Hungary. Syllabus. Shape features Skeleton Skeletonization Applications. Syllabus. Shape features Skeleton Skeletonization Applications.

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Syllabus

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  1. Skeletonization and its applicationsKálmán PalágyiDept. Image Processing & Computer Graphics University of Szeged, Hungary

  2. Syllabus • Shape features • Skeleton • Skeletonization • Applications

  3. Syllabus • Shape features • Skeleton • Skeletonization • Applications

  4. The generic model of a modular machine vision system (G.W. Awcock, R. Thomas, 1996)

  5. Feature extraction – shape representation (G.W. Awcock, R. Thomas, 1996)

  6. Shape It is a fundamental concept in computer vision. It can be regarded as the basis for high-level image processing stages concentrating on scene analysis and interpretation.

  7. Shape It is formed by any connected set of points. Examples of planar shapes (L.F. Costa, R. Marcondes, 2001)

  8. Shape representation • to describe the boundary that surrounds an object, • to describe the region that is occupied by an object, • to apply a transform in order to represent an object in terms of the transform coefficients.

  9. Contour-basedshape representation • chain-code • run-length • polygonal approximation • syntactic primitives • spline • snake / active contour • multiscale primitives (L.F. Costa, R. Marcondes, 2001)

  10. Region-basedshape representation • polygon • Voronoi / Delaunay • quadtree • morphological decomposition • convex hull / deficiency • run-length • distance transform • skeleton (L.F. Costa, R. Marcondes, 2001)

  11. Region-basedshape representation • polygon • Voronoi / Delaunay • quadtree • morphological decomposition • convex hull / deficiency • run-length • distance transform • skeleton (L.F. Costa, R. Marcondes, 2001)

  12. Syllabus • Shape features • Skeleton • Skeletonization • Applications

  13. Skeleton • result of the Medial Axis Transform: object points having at least two closest boundary points; • praire-fire analogy: the boundary is set on fire and skeleton is formed by the loci where the fire fronts meet and quench each other; • the locus of the centers of all the maximal inscribed hyper-spheres.

  14. Nearest boundary pointsand inscribed hyper-spheres

  15. Object = union of the inscribed hyper-spheres object boundary,maximal inscribed disks and their centers

  16. Skeleton in 3D The skeleton in 3D generally contains surface patches (2D segments).

  17. Skeleton →Original object

  18. Skeleton →Original object

  19. Skeleton →Original object

  20. Skeleton →Original object

  21. Skeleton →Original object

  22. Skeleton →Original object

  23. Skeleton →Original object

  24. Skeleton →Original object

  25. Skeleton →Original object

  26. Skeleton →Original object

  27. Skeleton →Original object

  28. Uniqueness The same skeleton may belong to different elongated objects.

  29. Inner and outer skeleton (inner) skeleton outer skeleton (skeleton of the negative image)

  30. Stability

  31. Representing the topological structure

  32. Properties • represents • the general form of an object, • the topological structure of an object, and • local object symmetries. • invariant to • translation, • rotation, and • (uniform) scale change. • simplified and thin.

  33. Syllabus • Shape features • Skeleton • Skeletonization • Applications

  34. „Skeletonization”

  35. Skeletonization … … means skeleton extraction from elongated binary objects.

  36. Skeleton-like descriptors in 3D medial surface original medial lines topological kernel

  37. Example of medial surface S. Svensson (SUAS, Uppsala)

  38. Example of medial lines

  39. Skeletal points in 2D – points in 3D centerlines

  40. Example of topological kernel original image topological kernel

  41. Example of topological kernel simply connected → an isolated point multiply connected →closed curve

  42. Example of topological kernel

  43. Skeletonization techniques • distance transform • Voronoi diagram • thinning

  44. Skeletonization techniques • distance transform • Voronoi diagram • thinning

  45. Distance transform Input: Binary array A containing feature elements (1’s) and non-feature elements (0’s). Output: Non-binary array B containing the distance to the closest feature element.

  46. Distance transform output (non-binary) input (binary)

  47. Distance transform using city-block (or 4) distance

  48. Distance transform using chess-board (or 8) distance

  49. Distance-based skeletonization • Border points (as feature elements) are extracted from the original binary image. • Distance transform is executed (i.e., distance map is generated). • The ridges (local extremas) are detected as skeletal points.

  50. Distance-based skeletonization – step 1 Detecting border points

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