Chemistry / Metabolism

1. Chemistry / Metabolism

2. Covalent bond: bond in which one or more pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms Ionic bond: bond in which one or more electrons from one atom are removed and attached to another atom, resulting in positive and negative ions which attract each other. Hydrogen bond: a force of attraction between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and a small atom of high electronegativity in another molecule. Chemical bonds

3. Inorganic: do not contain Carbon - 1.water - main component of body, good solvent, allows chemical reactions, retains heat, participates in chemical reactions, lubricates - 2.salts - NaCl, MgCl, can combine with water to form acids and bases ---> participates in pH -3. Gases: CO2, O2, Organic: compounds contain Carbon Compounds

4. Table 2-1

5. Figure 5-3 - Overview

6. pH - a measure of the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution. Concentration of hydrogen  [H+]. The relationship between [H+] and pH is: pH=-log [H+]. pH varies between 0 and 14, neutral pH =7= pH of water. The higher the acidity, the higher the concentration of hydrogen ions is. For every unit of pH, the hydrogen concentration in the solution multiplies by pH

7. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Organic compounds

8. * C6 ring: common carbohydrates: 1 ring: glucose, fructose, galactose 2 rings: sucrose, lactose, maltose Many rings: glycogen, starch Short term energy storage Carbohydrates: C6 or C5 ring

9. Figure 2-7 (1 of 3)

10. Figure 2-7 (2 of 3)

11. Figure 2-7 (3 of 3)

12. C5 ring: special role In ATP, nucleic acids Carbohydrates: C6 or C5 ring

13. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Organic compounds

14. Formed by a glycerol backbone and attached fatty-acids Fatty-acids: a string of carbons with hydrogen atoms Molecules hydrophobic and rich in energy  long term energy storage Lipids

15. Figure 2-8 (3 of 6)

16. Figure 2-8 (2 of 6)

17. One fatty-acid is replaced by a phosphoric group  property of the molecule changes  amphipatic molecules (like both water and lipids) Phospholipids

18. Figure 3-15 - Overview

19. Figure 2-8 (5 of 6)

20. Component of cell membrane Base for steroid hormones Lipid: Cholesterol

21. Figure 2-8 - Overview (1 of 6)

22. Two basic roles: - Structural: building block of the cell (collagen, elastin..) - Enzymatic: control metabolism (enzymes) Proteins

23. The primary structure of a proteins is its string of amino acids. These a.a. are covalently attached There are 20 different amino acids that can potentially be found in the proteins The order of a.a. varies different sequences Proteins: Primary structure

24. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Organic compounds

26. Folding of the a.a. chain - fold as a alpha helix - or a beta sheet Secondary structure of a protein

27. Folding of the chain due to hydrogen bonds formed by the various amino acids ** This folding gives the protein its shape  the shape of a protein gives it its function Tertiary structure of a protein

28. Figure 2-16

29. Figure 2-9 - Overview (1 of 7)

30. Figure 2-9 (2 of 7)

31. So what happens when the pH in the cell changes?

32. The protein changes shape  loose its function  denaturation So what happens when the pH in the cell changes?

33. DNA RNA ATP Formed by a C5 carbohydrate + phosphate + a base Bases: adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine and uracil Nucleic acid

34. Death Clinical applications

35. Figure 2-12 - Overview

36. Figure 2-11 - Overview (1 of 3)

37. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Organic compounds

38. Figure 2-10

39. Figure 2-13 (3 of 3)