EVIDENCE - Bahasa Inggris Untuk Fisika UNNES Nurul Faela Shufa

1. Give Evidence

2. Definition of evidence Evidence is usually the result of observation or experimentation , combined with reasoning.

3. Using English To Give Evidence Note : (that scientific evidence must be fact, not opinion) Smoking is related to many heart and circulatory ailments. (evidence is frequently introduced with words like indicates or demontrates rather than the stronger word proves. This reflects the “unprovable” nature of most scientific hypotheses)

4. It has been demonstrated that nicotine increases the rate of the heart.... It can damage the tiny hairs (cilia) that line the breathing passages.... Research also confirms that the tar in cigarette smoke is carcinogenic.....

5. Smokers often become phisically and psychologically dependent on their habit.... (evidence is not always marked with a clue word and often can only be identified by the context of the paragraph) Smokers often... Suffer withdrawal symptoms if they attempt to stop. Even the onset of a smoking-related illnes is not always sufficient to enable heavy smokers to quit.

6. Deductive and Inductive Reasoning Scientists use two basic methods to move from evidence to a conclusion: deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning moves from a general premise or assumption to spesific conclusion. For example : All metals are good condutors of electricity. Zinc is a metal. Therefore, zinc is a good conductor of electricity.

7. In contrast, inductive reasoning move sfrom spesific observation to a general conclusion. For example, if air is observed to expand or contrast to fill any container, the assumption might be made that all gases behave this way. As a matter of fact they do. Deductive reasoning is always valid, that is, if it is properly stated and if the premises are true, the conclusion will be true. The conclusion is contained in the premises. By contrast, inductive reasoning can lead to false conclusion. That would be a false assumption. Nevertheless, inductive reasoning can be very valuable in alerting the scientist to potential principles that must be then be tested before they can be accepted.

8. Example • when a block slides over a rough surface, the mechanical energy lost because of friction is transformed into internal energy that is stored temporarily inside the block and inside the surface, as evidenced by a measurable increase in the temperature of both block and surface. • We have evidence of the fact that the gravitational force acting on an object is directly proportional to its mass from our observations of falling objects . • The changes in internal energy in these examples are evidenced by corresponding changes in the temperature of the gas.

9. If the charged metal ball is now lowered into the interior of the charged hollow conductor, it exhibits no evidence of an electric force. • When the magnetization cycle is repeated, dissipative processes within the material due to realignment of the domains result in a transformation of magnetic energy into internal energy, which is evidenced by an increase in the temperature of the substance. • The earth is round. A person traveling directly east from the equator will eventually return to the starting place • A bell rung in a vacuum makes no sound. Sound is only produced when there are molecules to transmit it.

10. If a bottle of perfume is left open in a closed room, the smell will eventually spread all over the room. The molecules of gas spread, or diffuse , to fill the entire area.