EXPERIMENTING - Bahasa Inggris Untuk Fisika UNNES Nurul Faela Shufa

1. experimenting

2. Introduction If experiments do not support a hypothesis, the hypothesis must be rejected or modified. Sometimesan experiment proves something other than what the researcher intended. Many great discoveries were accidents of an experiment.

3. Introduction • Example : • Scottish biologist Alexander Fleming took an August vacation from his day-to-day work in the lab investigating staphylococci, known commonly as staph. Upon his return on Sept. 3, 1928, the perceptive scientist found a strange fungus on a culture he had left in his lab—a fungus that had killed off all surrounding bacteria in the culture. This penicillin, the first antibiotic widely used. Picture of Alexander Fleming In 1895, the German scientist Wilhelm Roentgen noticed that cathode rays penetrated black paper. Thus, x-rays were discovered.

4. Introduction • Percy Spencer was an American engineer who, while working for Raytheon, walked in front of a magnetron, a vacuum tube used to generate microwaves, and noticed that the chocolate bar in his pocket melted. In 1945 after a few more experiments (one involving an exploding egg), Spencer successfully invented the first microwave oven. The first models were a lot like the early computers: bulky and unrealistic. In 1967, compact microwaves would begin filling American homes. Picture of microwaves

5. Introduction Experimentingis conducted experiments that applying and planning (to prove the truth of a theory, and so on). Key : While experimenting, the scientist needs to keep a sharp eye and an open mind.

6. Using english to give directions • An experiment is a kind of proces. We analyze a subtance and identifying components. We analyze a process by breaking it down into steps or procedures and arranging them in chronological order (the order in which things happen).

7. Using english to give directions A. Giving Directions to Perform a Process It is usually preferable towrite directions as a list of steps rather than a paragraph. The imperative form of the verb is used. The subject (you) is implied, never stated: Example: • Arrange tiny pleces of paper on table. • Rub a plastic comb with some woolen fabric. • Hold the comb over the pleces of paper and observe what happens. The paper should be attracted to the comb. Notice that verb may give directions for both mental and physical activities. Notice also the parallel form of the above list. Every clause begins with an imperative verb. One sentence (The paper should be...) does not have an imperative verb because it does not give a direction.

8. Using english to give directions Examples: MATHEMATICAL PENDULUM Experimental Methods : 1. Preparematerials and appliance to be used 2.String up materials and appliance like [at] picture 3. Measurestring length equal to 30cm 4.Divert string which have been given by pendulum as far as 100 5. Calculatetime required to do 10 times oscillation 6. Noteresult of attempt into tables of perception 7. Repeat step 3-6 with different string length B. Imperative Verbs • Imperative Verbs: Mathematical Pendulum • Give a command or direction. • Appear at the beginning of a clause • Have a subject that is implied, not stated (you) • Are formed from the present tense of the verb.

9. Using english to give directions C. Verb Forms : Infinitives and Gerunds In an English sentence, when one verb follows another, the second verb can take one of three forms : • An infinitive (to advance, to detect) , • An infinitive without to (advance, detect), or • A gerund (advancing, detecting). Below is a list of some verbs that are useful in scientific writing : • Verb followed by infinitives : -learn -manage -expect -appear -prepare -arrange -fail -encourage -plan -agree -neglect -inspire -decide -offer -refuse -tend -determine -hope -seem -help

10. Using english to give directions 2. Verbs followed by infinitve without to: Modals Verbs of the Senses* Other Verbs - can - will - see - watch - let - could - would - hear - observe - make - may - shall - feel - notice - help - might - should - must 3. Verbs followed by gerunds: • Stop - avoid - postpone - delay - risk • Finish - resist - anticipate - consider -keep • Admit - deny - suggest - involve - prevent

11. Using english to give directions • Verbs followed by either infinitives with to or gerunds: • Begin - attempt - forget • Start - permit - regret • Continue - allow - choose • Try - remember - prefer • Intend - like - propose

12. Writing skills The following are guidelines for writing direction: • List all the steps in the process. • Begin each step with an imperative verb. • Arrange the steps in strict chronological order. • Keep the sentences fairly short. (Do not put more than one step together). • Include all necessary details, such as specific quantities, measurements, and dates. • Check to see that you have not omitted anything or included any unnecessary steps.