Police Structure

1. Police Structure

2. Police Structure National, State, Local and Private Policing

3. Sworn Officer • Sworn officers- a law enforcement officer who is trained and empowered to perform full police duties, such as making an arrest, conducting investigations and carrying firearms. • Evidence based Policing- The use of the best available research on the outcome of police work. Scientific evidence needs to be the basis of policing and it should guide evaluations of agencies, units and officers.

4. 5 Tenets for Guiding Policing • Increase and develop neighborhood police programs • More police officers need college and graduate level educations • Police departments need to hire more civilians • Departments need to be more representative of their communities- hire more women and minorities • Restrain in the use of force, especially deadly force

5. Law enforcement in the U.S. • 4 types of law enforcement • Federal or national agencies • State • Local • Private security

6. National Agencies • There are dozens of agencies across 11 different government services • Most well known – Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) • Began in 1908 as part of the Department of Justice • Creation stemmed from rising tide of American political and business corruption. • The public expects the FBI agents to be exemplary officers • Purpose today, “to protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the US; and to provide leadership and law enforcement assistance to federal, state, local and international agencies and partners.”

7. FBI, cont. • Located in DC, but has 56 field offices and 400 satellite offices across the world. • Advancements: • National Computer Crime Squad (NCCS) • Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) • Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) • Fingerprint Identification Program, National Crime Information Center Program, Uniform Crime Reporting Program, and Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System • FBI Laboratory Division (Quantico, Virginia) • National Academy Program - Training

8. FBI and counter terrorism • Increase attention after Sept. 11, 2001 • Focused on preventing terrorist attacks • Created counter terrorist division • Created a national threat warning system • Work with other federal agencies by sharing intelligence with CIA, NSA, DHS • Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF)- mixture of different agencies represented attempting to track down terrorists and to prevent the acts of terrorism in the U.S.

9. 3 major Concerns for the future • Threat of covert operatives who may be inside the U.S. that leads attempted terrorist attacks on the U.S. • Very concerned with terrorist organizations working to utilize chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear or high-energy explosives and weapons to attack the U.S. • Terrorist trying to exploit radical American converts and other extremist to attack the U.S.

10. State Agencies • Created in late 19th/20th century

11. 2 Models of State Policing Centralized State Police Decentralized State Police Draws a clear division between traffic enforcement and other state-level law enforcement functions. (South and Midwest) – • Tasks of major criminal investigations are combined with the patrol of state highways.

12. Centralized Law Enforcement • 5 things Centralized Law Enforcement does • Assist local law enforcement departments in criminal investigation when asked to do so • Operate identification bureaus • Maintain a centralized criminal records warehouse or storage • Patrol the state’s highways • Provide select training for municipal and county officers

13. Local Agencies • Municipal departments, rural sheriff's departments, specialized groups like campus police and transit police. • Municipal police dept.-A city or town law enforcement agency- local police. • Can be very large organizations, despite local level, ex NYPD • City police chiefs are appointed by local gov’t authority. • Sheriff’s are elected by people in jurisdiction- responsible for law enforcement in unincorporated areas and for the operations of the county jail.

14. Local Agencies • City Police chiefs- typically appointed by the mayor or selected by the city council. Their jurisdiction is limited to the geographic boundaries of their community – incorporated municipality • Sheriffs and their deputies- mostly patrol unincorporated areas of the county that lie beyond municipalities. • Sheriffs other duties- Serve court papers, including civil summonses, maintain security within state court rooms, run county jails, responsible for detainees awaiting trial.

15. Local, cont.

16. Private Protective Services Private Protective Services- Independent commercial organizations that provide protective services to employers on a contractual basis. • Work for corporations and secure private interests • Considerable growth in recent years • Ex. Salt Lake Olympics employed an additional 40,000 private security personnel • ASIS International – largest private security firm

17. Private, cont • National Institute of Justice report concludes • Private police outnumber public police in most countries (US: 3 to 1 in people and in $$ spend more than all organizations combined) • People spend more time in their daily lives in places where visible crime prevention and control are provided by private firms • Reconstruction of policing is occurring worldwide despite differences in wealth and economic systems

18. Reasons for Increasing Private Police • Increase in workplace crimes • Increase in fear (real or perceived) of crime and terrorism • Economic crisis in states • Increased public and business awareness and the use of more cost-effective private security products and services.

19. Private, cont.