TOPIC 1

1. TOPIC 1

2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FEM 3002, Credit Hour = 3(2+1) • Your Instructor:Dr. ZarinahArshat • Department of Human Development and Family Studies • Faculty of Human Ecology • Universiti Putra Malaysia • Room: Blok B, 1st Floor, FEM • Contact #: 03-89467139; 012-2611674 • Email: zarinah_upm@putra.upm.edu.my

3. Course Objectives FEM 3002 is a compulsory course for the Bachelor Science (Human Development) programme. At the end of this modul students will be able to: • discuss the philosophy of research, and the concepts of science and the scientific methods. • describe the research design in human development • describe the steps in preparing and conducting a research project • analyze and interpret research data and prepare a research report.

4. Course Objectives Introduction to research design and analysis in Human Development. Meaning of science, scientific research and its application in Human Development. Research planning process, data analysis and interpretation, report writing and presentation of research findings. (Pengenalan kepada rekabentuk dan analisis penyelidikan di dalam Pembangunan Manusia. Pengertian Sains, penyelidikan saintifik dan penggunaannya di dalam Pembangunan Manusia. Perancangan dan proses penyelidikan, analisis dan interpretasi data, penulisan dan penyampaian hasil penyelidikan).

5. Course Evaluation

6. REFERENCES • Beins, B. C. (2003). Research methods: A tool for life. Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. • Charles, S. (2007). Research methods for the behavioral sciences (3rd. ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Miffin Co. • Creasey, G. L. (2006). Research methods in lifespan development. Boston, MA: Pearson Education. • Devlin, A. S. (2006). Research methods: Planning, conducting and presenting research. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth • Gravetter, F. J. (2006). Research methods for the behavioral sciences. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth • McBurney, D. H. (2004). Research methods (6th ed.). Australia: Thomson/Wadsworth • Trochim, William M. (2006). The Research Methods Knowledge Base, 2nd Edition. Internet WWW page, at URL: <http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/>

7. Test & Exam Structure: • Objective and Subjective

8. Outline • What is Research? • Definition of Research by Past Scholars • Philosophy of Research • Why do we do Research? • Characteristics of Research • Classification and Types of Research

9. I. What is Research?

10. RE SEARCH

11. Old French word “cerchier”, meaning to search or seek. • The word “re” means again. • So, the search is done many times.

12. Why Re? • Why do so many times? • To be sure …… • To be certain …… • …………that something really occur • …………that something really happen • …………that a phenomena really exist

13. Through repetitive experiments: • Madame Curie discovered radium. • Alexander Graham Bell --- telephone. • Wright Brothers --- aeroplane. • Other examples?

14. What is Research? Basicly, the word research means: • Study • Exploration • Examination • Investigation • Inquiry

15. Research Concept Research is a / an ……….……. • seeking activity • investigation • facts finding • discovering activity • solving problem activity • data collection activity • establishing empirical evidence • structured activity using the scientific method

16. II. Definition of Research by Past Scholars

18. III. Philosophy of Research

19. PHILOSOPHY OF RESEARCH • The term philosophy derives from a combination of the Greek words philos = love sophia = wisdom • Nature of knowledge and belief. • In research the concerned is on the investigation of what distinguishes mere belief from knowledge.

20. Source of Knowledge • INTUITIVE KNOWLEDGE • AUTHORITATIVE KNOWLEDGE • LOGICAL KNOWLEDGE • EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE

21. Intuitive Knowledge • belief, faith, intuition, etc. • based on feelings, not hard, cold "facts." • Authoritative Knowledge • information from people, books, a supreme being, etc. • Its strength depends on the strength of these sources.

22. Logical Knowledge • based on reasoning • from "point A" (which is generally accepted) to "point B" (the new knowledge). • Empirical Knowledge • based on demonstrable, objective facts (gathered thro’ observation and/or experimentation).

23. Research often makes use of all four of these ways of knowing: • INTUITIVE (when coming up with an initial idea for research) • AUTHORITATIVE (when reviewing the professional literature) • LOGICAL (when reasoning from findings to conclusions) • EMPIRICAL (when engaging in procedures that lead to these findings) The empirical knowledge, is what most modern research acquisition aims at establishing, which is known as empirical research.

24. IV. WHY DO WE DO RESEARCH?

25. WHY DO WE DO RESEARCH? • To discover new information. • To expand existing knowledge. • To investigate specific questions or problems

26. To validate past information • To investigate existing phenomena. • To determine new uses of, and applications for, existing goods and services.

27. It provides answers for questions like what, where, when, how and why. • Brings out information that might not be discovered in ordinary course of life • It contributes to theory and generalizations • Verifies existing theories and facts.

28. May enable us to predict events • Helps in establishing inter-relationships and derive explanations • Helps developing new tools, concepts and theories to study phenomenon.

29. Research essential for • Advancement of scientific knowledge and/or • development of newer technologies • improvement of quality of life ‘Today’s research is for tomorrow's advancement’

30. For students in social science, research is directed toward • finding, • applying & • interpreting data that can promote betterment in individual and family life, and of the society.

31. V. Research Characteristics

32. Research Characteristics • Originates with a question or problem. • Requires clear articulation of a goal. • Follows a specific plan or procedure. • Often divides main problem into subproblems. • Guided by specific problem, question, or hypothesis. • Accepts certain critical assumptions. • Requires collection and interpretation of data. • Cyclical (helical) in nature.

33. vi. Classification & Types of Research

36. e.g., of Pure Research What is the strength of Malaysian familes? • Developing family strength inventory of Malaysian families. • Why does deviant behavior occur? • Stimulate new ways of thinking about deviance.

37. e.g., of Applied Research • Factors related to adolescents’ conduct problem. • Information relevant for parents, educators, police, policy makers, etc., who are trying to prevent delinquency. • Action research, social impact assessment research are popular examples of applied research. • Most social science research are applied in nature.

41. General Sequence for Qn & Ql. Method

42. Mixed methods

43. TOPIC 2

44. Outline • Identifying problem • Developing hypothesis • Data Collection • Data analysis • Report Writing

45. Process of Research

46. A CLEAR CUT STRUCTURE

48. 5 steps in research process: (I) Identifying problem (2) Developing hypothesis (3) Data collection (4) Data analysis (5) Report writing

49. I. IDENTIFYING PROBLEM

50. Research begins with a problem. • This problem need not be Earth-shaking. • Identifying this problem can actually be the hardest part of research. • In general, good research projects should: • Address an important question. • Advance knowledge.