Life Support Systems and Non-invasive Tools of Diagnosis

1. Life Support Systems and Non-invasive Tools of Diagnosis

2. Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract Keywords • Alveoli • Pharynx • Cilia • Larynx • Epiglotis • Trachea • Brochi • Bronchioles

4. Diagram of inhalation exhalation

5. Life Support Topics: • Basic Anatomy • CPR • Organ Donation Surgery • Heart Lung Bypass • Artificial Respirators • -pressure and +pressure ventilators • Life Support for premature babies.

6. What would you do to save some ones life? • Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is known to improve the survival chances of individuals who experience out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA); however, many OHCA witnesses do not attempt CPR • CPR andEAR • St Johns Ambulance • Red Cross • Lifesaving Clubs • Pool Instructors • OHS • (never practiced on already beating heart) Training on a dummy (with vid)

7. The Heart-Lung Bypass Machine • Extreme cases of damage where breastbone is cut under general anaesthetic, • Tubes re-route through bypass machine • Diseased organs removed and donors added then stitched together. willing donors are difficult to find as • To reduce risk of tissue rejection, correct match will need to be found. • This Donor needs to be declared brain dead on life support and all permission granted. • Patient needs to be healthy enough to survive the surgery.

10. “The Iron Lung” • Artificial Respirators • A history of different types of technology. • Impetus for design due to Polio virus affect on the nervous system causing paralysis of respiratory system

11. 1950’s • Negative Pressure Ventilators. • Metal box alternatively increases then decreases air pressure forcing lungs to respond.

12. Now…. • Someone on Life Support needs to be ‘intubated’ • Positive Pressure Ventilators • Technology that pushes high pressure air non- invasively via a mask or • directly into trachea with a wide tube, It will then decrease the pressure, for a passive exhalation. • (used when a patient is in a deep coma or there has been an airway obstruction)

15. Life Support: Premature Babies • Vital Systems continually monitored • Breathing • Heart rate • Temperature • In maternity and Neo-natal words. • Research: What technical components are used in these machines?

18. Kidney Dialysis • Graphic • Explanation: Used as a compensation for a damaged or removed kidney, the dialyser removes toxins such as urea across a semi permeable membrane and the dialysate which is a solution that is similar in its substances (bar toxins) • A tube is inserted into the______ artery sent to the machine, ‘cleaned’ and returned to the patient via the _______ vein. • process of diffusion and osmosis is slow and therefore Kidney Dialysis is time consuming. • 3-4 days a week 3-4 hrs at a time. Affects ability to be gainfully employment

21. Tools for Diagnosis “X” rays Tomography CT Scans. Angiogram PET Scans Ultra-Sound Thermography Anaesthetic Foetal Monitoring Magnetic Resonance Imaging Key-hole Surgery Laparoscope Laser in Surgery

22. Tomography • X ray tube spun around the body to obtain a series of images of organs and tissues. • Computerised Tomography Scanning

23. CT Scanner

25. Thermography

26. Angiogram • A harmless dye is added which blocks x rays photons from reaching film and therefore displays path blood flow in the brain to detect brain tumours and strokes

27. PET Scans • Positive emission tomography • Radio active substances injected. Gamma rays emitted are converted to electrical signals processed by a computer to produce images • For body functions such as • Blood flow • Glucose metabolism in the brain. • Area of study is determined by which molecule is radioactively ‘tagged’ • PET scans can show changes in the brain as it carries out different activities. • PET Scans must be located close to a particle accelerator (Lucas Heights in Sydney) • Radioisotopes are short lived

31. SPECT • Single photon emisson computed tomography

32. Cardio-Vascular Imaging • Use of radioactive thallium compound when patient excercises on a treadmill then image is made using a gamma ray camera. • Before and After Images allow detection of flow and blockages to heart and vessels

33. Detecting Bone Tumours • Bone Scanning where radioactive technetium accumulates in bone tissue and there fore is useful in detecting bone tumours as in these areas metabolic rate is high and technetium accumulates

34. UltrasoundUltrasound is a technique in which high-pitched (ultra) sound waves are projected onto tissues under examination. The waves are reflected, captured and registered electronically as an image we can see. 
Ultrasound Screening NetDoctor.co.ukUltrasound is commonlyused in obstetrics, to determine the position and maturity of the developing foetus. It can also be used for the treatment of hypothermia and in non-invasive surgery. In these applications, the duration and intensity of the signal are carefully controlled.A new development is three-dimensional ultrasound imaging. This technique allows for greater resolution of internal organs and has been important in the early diagnosis of the presence of growths, such as fibroids and polyps.Echocardiography uses ultrasound waves that emit from a probe placed on the chest of the patient and travel through the body. The sound waves are harmless. The echocardiogram machine receives and interprets these sound waves and makes a representing picture of the inside structures based upon the received sound waves. Furthermore, since the probe constantly emits ultrasound waves, it will receive a constant feedback of the heart structures as it changes during its contraction. This enables the visualisation of heart muscles, valves and blood vessels in motion.