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CHAPTER 4 TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

2. Sharing of technology resourcesSharing of dataDistributed data processing and client/server systemsEnhanced communicationsMarketing outreach. . THE NEED FOR NETWORKING. Page 96-97. 3. . AN OVERVIEW OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING. Page 97-98. Networking ? the electronic linking of geogr

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CHAPTER 4 TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

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    1. 1 CHAPTER 4 TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

    2. 2 Sharing of technology resources Sharing of data Distributed data processing and client/server systems Enhanced communications Marketing outreach THE NEED FOR NETWORKING

    3. 3 AN OVERVIEW OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

    4. 4

    5. 5 KEY ELEMENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING Analog network uses continuous voltage varying as a function of time Example: voice over telephone lines Digital network directly transmits two discrete states Note: 0 for pulse off and 1 for pulse on

    6. 6 KEY ELEMENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING Modem Device needed when transmitting data over analog lines Converts data from digital to analog to be sent over analog telephone lines Also reconverts data back to digital after data transmission Abbreviation for modulator/demodulator

    7. 7 KEY ELEMENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

    8. 8 KEY ELEMENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

    9. 9 KEY ELEMENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING Hertz cycles per second Baud number of signals sent per second Bits per second (bps) number of bits sent per second When each cycle sends one signal that transmits exactly one bit of data (often the case), then the three terms are identical

    10. 10 KEY ELEMENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING Switched line system Example: public telephone system Uses switching centers to route signals along best possible path to destination Private (dedicated) lines Leased from companies such as MCI, Sprint, AT&T Use direct physical lines between source and destination

    11. 11 KEY ELEMENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING Simplex data travels in one direction only Half-duplex data can travel in both directions, but only one direction at a time Full-duplex data travels in both directions at the same time

    12. 12 KEY ELEMENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

    13. 13 KEY ELEMENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

    14. 14 Figure 1-6: Relative Capacities of telephone, LAN, BN, WAN, and Internet circuits. Business Data Communications and Networking Fitzgerald and Dennis, 7th Edition 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

    15. 15

    16. 16 KEY ELEMENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

    17. 17 Cordless telephone Cellular phone Wireless LAN Microwave Satellite

    18. 18

    19. 19 Fiber-optic cabling Newest transmission medium Transmits data by pulses of light through thin fiber of glass Much faster than other media Thinner requires less space More secure harder to tap

    20. 20

    21. 21

    22. 22 KEY ELEMENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

    23. 23 Computer Telecommunications Networks Private branch exchange (PBX) Networks Local Area Networks (LANs) Backbone Networks Wide Area Networks (WANs) Internet Internet2

    24. 24 Computer Telecommunications Networks Emanates from a single medium or large computer Usually arranged as a tree Uses coaxial and twisted pair cabling Controlled by central computer Often has a front-end processor to handle all aspects of telecommunications

    25. 25

    26. 26 Private Branch Exchanges (PBX) Originally analog, today usually digital Can serve as the central device in a star or ring network Can function as front-end processor for mainframe

    27. 27 Private Branch Exchanges (PBX) Advantages: Can connect ALL telecommunications devices in a building or campus Can use existing telephone wiring Can carry voice and data over same network Has a high-potential throughput

    28. 28

    29. 29 Local Area Networks Owned by a single organization Operate within area 2-3 miles in diameter Contain a number of intelligent devices, usually microcomputers, that can process data based on peer-to-peer relationship No part of telephone system, have their own wiring

    30. 30 LAN Topologies and Standards Contention bus design IEEE 802.3 Token bus design . IEEE 802.4 Token ring design IEEE 802.5 Wireless design .. IEEE 802.11

    31. 31 Contention Bus Design (Ethernet) Bus topology Implemented with coax or twisted pair Usually half-duplex All devices contend for use of cable Design now called Shared Ethernet uses a contention bus as its logical topology and implemented with a physical star arrangement

    32. 32

    33. 33 Switched Ethernet Newer variation, better performance, higher price Uses switch instead of hub Operates both logical and physical star Each device has own dedicated circuit

    34. 34 Token Bus Employs bus topology, no contention Uses single token passed around to all devices in order Device can only transmit when has token Central to Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP) connects robots and other machines on assembly line by a LAN

    35. 35 Token Ring Device attached to ring must seize token before can send a message Collisions cannot occur Usual implementation is physical star, logical ring

    36. 36 Wireless LAN Known as Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) Growing in demand for corporate and home use Use IEEE 802.11 standards with shared Ethernet design Requires use of wireless network interface card (NIC) Wireless Access Point (WAP) radio transceiver that acts as a hub

    37. 37

    38. 38 Backbone Network In-between network that interconnects LANs in a single organization with each other and with organizations WAN and the Internet

    39. 39 Backbone network terminology: Bridge connects two LANs using same protocol Switch connects more than two LANs using the same protocols Router (gateway) connects two or more LANs that may use different protocols

    40. 40

    41. 41 Wide Area Networks (WANs) Communicate voice and data across greater distances Usually owned by several organizations (including user organization and common carrier) Employ point-to-point transmission Often rely on public telephone network

    42. 42 Switched-circuit Direct distance dialing (DDD) Wide Area Telephone Service (WATS) Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) Dedicated-circuit Leased lines, T1, T2, T3, T4, SYNCHRONOUNS Optical Network SONET Satellite

    43. 43 Leased lines, T1, T2, T3, T4, SYNCHRONOUNS Optical Network, SONET Satellite

    44. 44 Leased lines, T1, 1.5 mbps T2, (4x T1) 6.3 mbps T3, (7 x T2 ) 45. mbps T4, (6 x T3 ) 274 mbps SYNCHRONOUNS Optical Network, SONET for fiber optic OC-1, 52 mbps ., CO-768 40 gbps

    45. 45 Loral Space and Communications Hughes Electronic Corporation Intelsat VSAT Kmart Wal-Mart V-Crest VW, Audi

    46. 46 Packet-switched Shared private lines using store-and-forward data transmission Permits multiple connections to exist simultaneously over the same physical circuit

    47. 47 ATM fast packet switching with short, fixed-length packets Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) provide same as private packet-switched network using the public Internet

    48. 48 The Internet Network of networks that use the TCP/IP protocol Contain gateways to computers that do not use TCP/IP Provides four basic functions: Electronic mail Remote login Discussion groups Sharing of data resources

    49. 49

    50. 50 Internet access services: Digital subscriber line (DSL) service offered by telephone companies using copper wire already installed in homes moving data over wires without disturbing voice traffic Cable modem connection obtained from cable TV company using existing home coaxial cable Satellite most expensive, but may be only option for customers in rural areas

    51. 51

    52. 52

    53. 53 Primary goals of Internet2: Create a leading-edge network capability for the national research community Enable revolutionary Internet applications based on a much higher-performance Internet that we have today Ensure the rapid transfer of new network services and applications to the broader Internet community

    54. 54

    55. 55 LAN protocols: Contention bus Token bus Token ring Fiber Distributed Data Interface, FDDI Wireless IBMs own protocol Systems Network Architecture (SNA)

    56. 56 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) network protocol Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI) Thought to become the only standard for networking Gained momentum until Internet explosion Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Has become the de facto standard for networking today

    57. 57

    58. 58 Figure 1-3: Network Models

    59. 59 Fig. 1-4 Message transmission using layers

    60. 60

    61. 61 Fig. 1-5. Some data communications standards

    62. 62 Online Operations Connectivity Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Commerce Marketing

    63. 63 THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY Carriers Own or lease the physical plant cabling, satellites, cellular towers, etc. Sell service of transmitting communication from one location to another

    64. 64 THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY Equipment vendors Manufacture and sell LAN software and hardware Includes routers, hubs, wireless access points, digital switches, multiplexers, cellular telephones, modems

    65. 65 THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY Service providers Operate networks and deliver services through the network Provide access to or services via the Internet (such as AOL, Microsoft Network, Yahoo!, and many ISPs

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