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OSI Layer 1

OSI Layer 1. Transmission Media. Layer 1 - Physical. Connector shape Number of pins What voltage designates a 1 or a 0 Media material Sample protocols which deal with the physical layer (Fast) Ethernet RS232 ATM ARCnet Local Talk. Transmission Media.

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OSI Layer 1

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  1. OSI Layer 1 Transmission Media

  2. Layer 1 - Physical • Connector shape • Number of pins • What voltage designates a 1 or a 0 • Media material • Sample protocols which deal with the physical layer • (Fast) Ethernet • RS232 • ATM • ARCnet • Local Talk http://www.houseofhum.com/stephen/library/network_primer/toc.html

  3. Transmission Media Tamara Dean: Network+ Guide to Networks

  4. Coaxial RG-6 Cable TV F-Type Connector Tamara Dean: Network+ Guide to Networks

  5. Coaxial RG-6 http://www.computercablestore.com/500ft_RG_6u_Dual_Shielded_PID41605.aspx

  6. Co-Axial Cable Construction • Central core can be solid or stranded • Insulation affects signal propagation characteristics • Shielding acts as a ground and as a noise shield • Transmission distance is greater than twisted-pair Tamara Dean: Network+ Guide to Networks

  7. Co-Axial Cable Types Hundreds of specifications, but only a few are used in data networks

  8. BNC Connector - Thinnet RG-58A/U http://www.the-idle-monk.co.uk/hoard/ethernet/physical.html

  9. NIC Jean Andrews: A+ Guide To Managing and Maintaining Your PC

  10. DB-9 Connector / Vampire Tap - Thicknet RG-8 http://www.the-idle-monk.co.uk/hoard/ethernet/physical.html

  11. STP and UTP STP - Shielded Twisted Pair UTP - Unshielded Twisted Pair UTP is less resistant to noise, but is also less expensive than STP Tamara Dean: Network+ Guide to Networks

  12. Unshielded CAT 5e http://www.digitus.info

  13. Shielded CAT 5e http://www.hyperline.com/catalog/cable/

  14. Plastic Divider CAT 6 http://www.best-b2b.com/Sub-cat/545/564/communication-cable_5.html

  15. Shielded CAT 6 http://www.hyperline.com/catalog/cable/

  16. Shielded CAT 7 http://www.hyperline.com/catalog/cable/

  17. CAT Standards Networking Fundamentals by Richard Roberts

  18. RJ-45 and RJ-11 Connectors • RJ = "Registered Jack" • RJ-45: 8 pins CAT • RJ-11: 2 - 6 pins telephone Tamara Dean: Network+ Guide to Networks

  19. PCI NIC

  20. Netgear EN104TP 4-Port 10 Mbps Ethernet Hub RJ-45 with Uplink Button http://www.amazon.com/Netgear-EN104TP-4-Port-Ethernet-Uplink/dp/B00000J4M9/ref=sr_1_4?s=electronics&ie=UTF8&qid=1359424021&sr=1-4&keywords=ethernet+hub

  21. RJ-45 TTR R x xx x + -+ - 1 23 6 http://www.wentztech.com/radio/Technical/Misc/Ethernet.html

  22. Colors Are Arbitrary - 568A vs 568B Tamara Dean: Network+ Guide to Networks

  23. Straight-Thru vs. Cross-Over http://spod.cx/cat5/

  24. Crossover Cable Tamara Dean: Network+ Guide to Networks

  25. Attenuation and Noise Jean Andrews: A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC

  26. STP and UTP STP - Shielded Twisted Pair UTP - Unshielded Twisted Pair UTP is less resistant to noise, but is also less expensive than STP Tamara Dean: Network+ Guide to Networks

  27. Twisted Pair Noise Reduction Technique Twisted Pair uses two techniques in conjunction to reduce noise and crosstalk • Symmetric Double Helix to achieve identical noise signatures • Balanced Transmitter/Receiver Configuration • Second wire in pair carries a signal which is an inversion of the primary signal • Noise added to each wire in the pair is identical and not inverted • Receiver restores polarity to second wire (to match primary wire), which inverts it's noise signature • Adding signals together from both wires cancels out the first noise signature with the second inverted noise signature (See “A Little Theory” Handout) www.bluemax.net

  28. Twisted Pair • Pairs of wires twisted around each other, # of pairs per cable varies greatly • Supports several topologies, but usually star-hybrid • Cu wire diameter: .4 - .8 mm • Twist Ratio: twists per foot • Use twist ratio to balance trade-off between crosstalk and attenuation • Twists/Foot ↑ → Crosstalk ↓ • Twists/Foot ↑ → Wirelength ↑ → Attenuation ↑ • Twists/Foot ↑ → Wirelength ↑ → Cost ↑

  29. Twisted Pair Variations • Hundreds of different designs • Twist Ratio • Grade of Copper • Type of shielding (if any) • 1 to 4200 wire pairs (but usually 4 pairs)

  30. More Twists - Less Interference (Cross-Talk) "There are two main physical differences between Cat-5 and Cat-6 cables - the number of twists per cm in the wire, and the sheath thickness." http://www.howtogeek.com/70494/what-kind-of-ethernet-cat-5e6a-cable-should-i-use/

  31. Cable Management Patch Panel Punch-down Block Tamara Dean: Network+ Guide to Networks

  32. Cable Management • Careful attention to the cable plant gives fewer physical layer network problems. Pay careful attention to cable fabrication and cable installation techniques. • A cable which is working fine at 10 Mbps may not work well at 100 Mbps. • Use patch panels and punch down blocks to break up and organize cable runs. • TIA/EIA 568 Commercial Building Wiring Standard.

  33. Tone Generator Tamara Dean: Network+ Guide to Networks

  34. CAT vs CAT

  35. Phone Line - HomePNA http://www.hyperline.com/catalog/cable/

  36. Fiber Optic Lamp http://www.aliexpress.com/compare/compare-fiber-optic-water.html

  37. Fiber Optic Cable Structure • Glass Core • Glass Cladding • Plastic Casing • Kevlar • Plastic Sheath 1 - 1000 fibers / cable (see pg 124 in Roberts text) Tamara Dean: Network+ Guide to Networks

  38. Fiber Optic Cable Structure http://onlysurplus.com/fibopt/focable.htm

  39. Fiber Optic Cable Structure http://lan-cable.en.made-in-china.com/product/BbuEmfzJWtIn/China-Outdoor-Fiber-Optic-Cable-Loose-Tube-Stranded-Rat-Resistant-Termite-Resistant-Fiber-Optical-Cable.html

  40. Fiber Optic Cable Structure http://digitalworld-mirror.blogspot.com/2008/10/what-is-optical-cable.html

  41. Greg's Cable Map http://cablemap.info/ http://cablemap.info/

  42. Submarine Cable Map 2013 http://submarine-cable-map-2013.telegeography.com/ http://submarine-cable-map-2013.telegeography.com/

  43. Undersea Fiber Optic Cable http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/3/chemistry/copper/images/cable.jpg

  44. Fiber Connector Types (SM & MM) SC - Subscriber/Standard Connector ST - Straight Tip MT-RJ - Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack LC - Local Connector SC, ST - Existing fiber networks LC, MT-RJ - Newer fiber networks - Smaller size allows higher density of connections at termination point FC - see pg 135 in Roberts text Tamara Dean: Network+ Guide to Networks

  45. Fiber Optic Connectors http://webpage.pace.edu/ms16182p/networking/cables.html

  46. TOSLink Optical Digital Audio Cable http://www.kenable.co.uk/product_info.php?products_id=1848

  47. Duplex Fiber http://webpage.pace.edu/ms16182p/networking/cables.html

  48. Butterfly Package OPN January 2006 – www.osa-opn.org

  49. WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) Transmitter OPN January 2006 – www.osa-opn.org

  50. Dispersion http://www.eas.asu.edu/~palais/demos/pulse.htm

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