Automatic External Defibrillation Past, Present & Future Prof. John McC Anderson

1. Automatic External DefibrillationPast, Present & Future Prof. John McC Anderson CTO HeartSine Technologies Ltd

2. THE DISTRIBUTION OF ACUTE CORONARY DEATHSMc NEILLY (BELFAST), 1965-66, 818 DEATHS 100 90 80 70 60 50 PERCENTAGE ALIVE 40 30 20 10 0 0.2 HR 1 DAY 0.1 HR 7 DAY INTERVAL AFTER ONSET

7. Modern Developments in Out-of-Hospital Defibrillation

9. The Semi-Automatic Defibrillator

10. Flow Diagram for Ventricular Fibrillation Detection

11. Energy Ratio Characteristic Energy Ratio i.e. Yellow/Red ratio constant in Sinus Rhythm Energy Ratio i.e. Yellow/Red ratio continuously variable in Ventricular Fibrillation

12. Flow Diagram for Ventricular Fibrillation Detection

13. Flow Diagram for Ventricular Fibrillation Detection

14. The Future Management of Sudden Cardiac Death • Defibrillators in the Home (PDU) • The development of a CPR-ICG PAD • The evolution of ‘Smart Defibrillation’

15. The Personal Defibrillation Unit – PDU 400

16. Statistics • More than 650,000 deaths per year from cardiovascular diseases • In the US around 800,000 patients suffer an AMI annually of whom 550,000 die • Over 80% of the deaths occur in the home • PEA accounts for over 65% of cardiac arrests • In 2005 the ERC and AHA guidelines were updated to emphasize the importance of effective chest compressions with minimal interruptions • In 2008 the AHA introduced the “hands-only” protocol

17. Design Features • Smaller • Lighter • Complete Resuscitation System • High IP rating • Advanced Algorithm • Disposable • User Friendly

19. The Development of a CPR-ICG PAD

20. The History of Impedance Cardiography Transthoracic Impedance: “Change in thoracic impedance may be due to any change in physical shape or content of the thorax, including ventilation, cardiopulmonary blood flow ….” Miller JC, Horvath SM. Impedance Cardiography. Psychophysiology 1978; 15: 80-91

21. ECG/ICG Timing

22. Impedance Cardiography (ICG) The ICG measures the cardiac impedance during the cycle and gives a waveform relating to the change in blood volume within the heart during this time. (Cardiac Output)

23. Example Cases from RVH Database Patient required terminating shock ; HR=189BPM, QRS width 201ms. Patient conscious ; HR=330BPM, QRS width varies between 133ms and 189ms. ECG ICG

24. Causes of change in Cardiac Output • Blood Flow in the aorta • Blood Flow through the pulmonary vessels • Contracting heart • Changing resistivity of blood • Improved contact with electrodes

25. Importance of Effective CPR • PEA accounts for over 65% of cardiac arrests • In 2005 the ERC and AHA guidelines were updated to emphasize the importance of effective chest compressions with minimal interruptions. • In 2008 the AHA introduced the ‘hands-only’ protocol to further minimize interruptions.

26. CPR Feedback Indicator • ICG can offer feedback on cardiac output during chest compressions • The morphology of the ICG waveform during CPR is distinctive • HeartSine has developed an algorithm based on the RVH database of CPR cases which uses a number of parameters to enable feedback on CPR efficacy for the user

27. ICG Waveform During CPR

28. ICG Waveform During Sinus Rhythm

29. ICG Waveform During PEA ICG not present due to absence of CARDIAC OUTPUT during PEA

30. ICG During VF ICG not present due to absence of CARDIAC OUTPUT during VF

31. Challenges in Algorithm Development • Noise due to motion artifact • Noise due to incorrect pad or hand placement • Initial ICG algorithm classified some cases of noise as CPR

32. Results from initial Bench Tests It was found through a number of bench tests that excessive noise could be eliminated by measuring the rate and pulse width of the signal and by focusing efforts on good CPR training to ensure the correct hand positioning and applied force

33. Recording of Correctly Applied CPR During Initial Bench Testing

34. Recording of Poor CPR (No Compressive Force Applied)

35. Recording of CPR on Top of Pads

36. Proposed CPR-ICG Algorithm

37. “PUSH HARDER”

38. “PUSH FASTER/SLOWER”

39. “GOOD COMPRESSIONS”

40. Algorithm Results to Date

41. Animal Study Results ICG amplitude at varying compression depths: 1- Thrust/depth 2cm = 20kg 4cm = 30-40kg 6cm = 60-70kg ICG Amplitude in Ohms 0- The ICG amplitude (in ohms) is higher for higher CPR compression depths and values of ET CO2.

42. Summary • “In order to maintain high-quality CPR, feedback to rescuers is important. The use of prompt/feedback devices during CPR will enable immediate feedback to rescuers, and the data stored in rescue equipment can be used to monitor the quality of CPR performance and provide feedback to professional rescuers during debriefing sessions .” • ERC Guidelines 2010 - European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 2. Adult basic life support and use of automated external defibrillators • HeartSine samaritan PAD 500P with CPR advisor was launched in August 2009 in Europe • Preparations are under way for FDA 510(k) clearance in the US

43. The Development of a SMART Defibrillator

44. Optimal treatment for Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) • Interactive CPR • Accurate decision to defibrillate/CPR • Management of PEA

45. The FUTURE of Defibrillation Features to be included in theSMART AED: • CPR-ICG Indicator • Pulse checker (Uses ICG to discriminate between PEA and SR) • Therapy Advisor (Uses DSP to extract information on frequency content of the ECG signal during cardiac arrest to determine whether CPR or defibrillation is the most appropriate therapy) • Using ICG to discriminate between CPR and shockable rhythms during the “hands-off” period • Continuous chest compressions until administration of shock

46. 3-Phases of a Sudden Cardiac Arrest

47. Majority of customer queries result from non-adherence to the “hands-off” or analysis period of the PAD • Using ICG technology we plan to develop an algorithm to discriminate between CPR and a shockable rhythm to prevent the device from charging and then disarming following the discontinuation of CPR • The algorithm can output audio voice prompts which will advise the user to discontinue CPR

48. Failure to adhere to CPR prompts CPR continued during analysis phase despite audio prompts Shock advised due to inappropriate CPR

49. HeartSine Technologies currently has the basic science to build a SMART defibrillator. • A SMART defibrillator will provide the optimal treatment for Sudden Cardiac Death • SMART defibrillation will position HeartSine Technologies as a world leader in this field.

50. In 1775 Abilgard recorded that he “shocked a single chicken into lifelessness and upon repeating the shock, the bird flew off and thus eluded further experimentation”